Features and varieties of CNC drilling machines. How do CNC drilling machines work? CNC drilling

The radial drilling machine with belongs to the number of rather complex devices that ensure a high level of quality of the work performed. It is necessary for creating a variety of holes and internal threads, reaming and countersinking. Working on a conventional machine requires experience and certain skills, skills, attention, concentration and considerable physical effort from the operator. That is why the use of a CNC radial drilling machine has become an excellent replacement for old equipment and a guarantee of high precision work.

Unit Features

The use of a radial drilling machine allows you to speed up the execution of various operations associated with the creation of various kinds of holes in parts made of metal. This is a versatile equipment that, despite its small size and ease of maintenance, allows you to achieve a high level of quality when performing operations related to drilling.

Equipment with numerical control is designed to create through or blind holes in metal blanks and parts. The main components of the machine are:

thread taps;
drills of various diameters;
sweep;
countersink.

In addition to the listed elements, additional equipment can be installed on the machine. However, the presence of numerical control provides for the use of a special computer unit, in the memory of which all the nuances of the upcoming planned operation are entered.

A feature of radial drilling machines is the ability to make the desired holes at any angle to the surface of the part. In this case, the appearance of each individual hole depends on the angle of its axis.

All the necessary data is entered into the computer memory and the execution of the planned operation is possible at a high level of quality and without the use of manual labor of the operator.

Due to the design features of the machine, which the developers took care of, parts with complex geometry and non-standard parameters are subject to processing.

The holes processed on this machine are cylindrical or even conical. All parts are securely fixed, and tools designed for cutting metal move smoothly in a given direction.

CNC radial drilling machines can be large or small and be installed on a desktop. In any, they all differ in characteristics, which allows you to work on them with parts made from a variety of metals.

Structural knots

There are 4 types of radial drilling machines that differ in their design features and the presence of certain components in the design:

Stationary equipment that performs general operations.
Equipment equipped with a column, a feature of which is the ability to move along the guides installed here along the surface of the workpiece.
Machine tools, which are particularly large in size, move in a given direction themselves. These models are guided by specially mounted rails.
Small-sized machines installed in the work area. They are designed to perform high precision operations.

Working on a machine tool equipped with numerical control requires special training and a large amount of knowledge and skills.

To work with numerical control, certain skills and abilities are required.

Despite the presence of some design features, each model has a base in its equipment, which is distinguished by a high degree of reliability.

The detail is fixed on it. The cylindrical column of the radial drilling machine, on which the horizontal traverse is fixed, is made in such a way that it can perform rotational movements.

The traverse moves in a horizontal plane, but to perform drilling or internal threading operations, it is necessary that the machine is equipped with a drilling headstock with a working spindle. It is the spindle that is needed to securely fix the tool for metal carving.

This design is quite simple and the given work on stationary equipment is carried out in a short time with a minimum expenditure of physical strength.

CNC drilling

How does the unit work?

The functionality of a radial drilling machine depends on the quality of its components. For example, the operation of this equipment requires the installation of a gearbox in the headstock and the adjustment of working gears.

All manipulations related to the processing of metal parts are carried out thanks to the precise and rhythmic rotation of the cutting tool.

On the front panel is a kind of control center for the machine and all the operations performed. Its power also depends on the quality and features of the electric motor that the radial drilling machine is equipped with. However, the parameters of the processing carried out depend on various factors, including:

the diameter of the created hole;
the greatest distance that the spindle can move;
the number of the cone, which is located in the inner part of the spindle and attached to the machine;
the number of steps with which you can adjust the spindle speed;
number of spindle revolutions.

Radial drilling machines are among the complex, but highly efficient and multifunctional equipment.

Most of these machines are used in large enterprises, and numerical control greatly facilitates the work performed to create various hole diameters in parts of the most complex shape.

Advantages of CNC Machine

The main feature of the radial drilling machine with numerical control is the ease and high speed of processing. This is possible due to the presence of a complex of equipment, which includes the following systems:

hydraulic;
mechanical;
electric.

Various metals are used to create machine tools. It can be cast iron or high strength steel. The process of creating equipment requires the use of materials that have undergone special processing.

The filler machine is designed to create holes, both through and blind. And equipping it with numerical control allows you to significantly speed up the production process, without reducing the level of accuracy of the operations performed.

Modern radial drilling machines equipped with numerical control are reliable, ultra-precise, durable, multifunctional equipment.

Advantages of the CNC system

For many models of machines, the dimensions of the working plate have been increased, the number of working gears and built-in spindle speeds have been changed upwards.

Everything has a huge positive impact on labor productivity, and the CNC control makes it much easier to operate the machine. It is also important how well the cooling system is equipped. For this, the units are equipped with powerful pump motors.

When creating a CNC machine, several schemes were used to ensure efficient management and control of the production process. For example, vertical movement is controlled by the presence of stops and switches, recording a program on punched tape or typing a program on a plug-in panel.

Today, CNC machines, which are more complex in design, are widely used in production. Their column is capable of full rotation around its axis, and the working head is mounted on a traverse that can move vertically.

This proves that modern equipment equipped with numerical control not only simplifies the execution of familiar operations, but also guarantees a high level of quality of the created parts.

Video: Radial drilling machine

Information about the manufacturer of the vertical drilling machine 2R135F2

Manufacturer of drilling machines models 2R135F2, 2R118F2, 2N125, 2N135, 2N150, 2G175 - Sterlitamak Machine Tool Plant founded in 1941.

The history of the Sterlitamak Machine Tool Plant begins on July 3, 1941, when the evacuation of the Odessa Machine Tool Plant to the city of Sterlitamak began.

Already on October 11, 1941, the Sterlitamak Machine-Tool Plant began to produce special aggregate machines for the defense industry.

Currently, the plant produces metalworking equipment, including drilling and honing machines, CNC lathes and milling machines, multifunctional machining centers, metalworking and cutting tools.

2R135F2 CNC vertical drilling machine. Purpose and scope

Vertical drilling machine with a six-spindle turret, with a cross table and numerical control (CNC) is designed for drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, threading and milling in small-scale and mass production of various industries.

The 2R135F2 drilling machine is used in the processing of body parts and parts such as "flange", "lid", "plate", "lever", "bracket".

The wiring diagram and CNC allow the following technological operations to be carried out on the machine:

drilling;
End trimming (forging);
Boring;
Threading;
Deep drilling;
Milling.

The principle of operation and design features of the machine

The presence on the machine of a six-spindle turret for automatic tool change, a cross table with program control allows for coordinate processing of parts such as covers, flanges, panels without preliminary marking and the use of conductors.

Vertical drilling machine 2R135F2 has a large range of spindle speed and feeds, which fully provide a choice of standard cutting conditions when processing various structural materials.

The machines ensure the accuracy of the center distances of the machined holes up to 0.10-0.15 mm and can operate in an automatic cycle (in this mode, multi-operational machining of parts with a large number of holes is performed).

The design of the machine 2R135F2. A column is mounted on the basis of the machine, along the rectangular vertical guides of which the spindle head (caliper) carrying the turret moves. Gear box and feed reducer are rigidly mounted on the column. The cross table has a base along which the sled carrying the table itself moves in the transverse direction. The latter, in turn, can move in the longitudinal direction along the guide rail. The movement of the sled and the table is carried out from the gearboxes.

Numerical control system. The machine tool model 2R135F2 is equipped with a numerical control device " Coordinate С70-3", machine model 2R135F2-1 with CNC device 2P32-3, which provide simultaneous movement of the table along the X and Y axes when positioning the movement control along the axis (from the coordinate), makes it possible to control the rotation of the turret, select the amount of working feed and spindle speed. The device has a digital indication, it is possible to enter corrections for the tool length.

The CNC positional rectangular system is closed; code converters are used as a measuring one. The positioning accuracy of the table and support is 0.05 mm, the discreteness of programming and digital indication is 0.05 mm. Number of controlled coordinates: total - three; two at the same time.

Design organization - Experimental Research Institute of Metal-cutting Machine Tools (ENIMS) and Sterlitamak Machine-Tool Plant. V. I. Lenin.

The machine was accepted for serial production in 1979.

Overall dimensions of the working space of the machine 2r135f2

Photo of a CNC vertical drilling machine 2r135f2

Location of the main parts of the drilling machine 2R135F2

Location of the main components of the machine 2r135f2

Designation of the main parts of the drilling machine 2R135F2

Machine base
Table sled
Turret
Headstock (caliper)
Gearbox
Feed reducer
Pendant control
Cabinet with electrical equipment control equipment
Cabinet with CNC equipment
Column
cross table

On the basis (bed) 1 of the machine there is a sled 2 of the cross table, which has telescopic protection of the guides. The headstock moves along the vertical guides of the column, on which a six-spindle turret is mounted, which allows automatic tool change according to the control program. To speed up manual tool change, the turret has a special pressing device. The machine can be controlled from the pendant.

Movements in the machine

The main movement is the rotation of the spindle with the tool
Movement along the axes of the machine:

Axis X - longitudinal feed - longitudinal movement of the table along the guide slide
Y-axis - transverse feed - transverse movement of the slide along the bed rails
Axis Z - vertical feed - vertical movement of the headstock (caliper) along the rack rails

Auxiliary movements - rapid movement of the caliper, periodic rotation of the turret, precise and rapid movements of the table and slide (positioning movement).

To control the movements of the table (X and Y coordinates) from a program written on punched tape, the machines are equipped with various CNC devices (one of the most common is the CNC "Coordinate S-70"). The Z-coordinate feed is carried out in the cyclic control mode. For coordinate movements of the table, manual data entry on the CNC control panel can also be used. The presence of a digital indication allows you to visually monitor the position of the table, as well as control the correctness of the program recording on the punched tape.

The machines provide feedback on the position of the working bodies on each of the two movements controlled from the punched tape. Circular electrocontact encoders are used as feedback sensors. Movements of the turret on fast and working strokes in both directions are limited by adjustable cams acting on switches (electric stops).

Kinematic diagram of the drilling machine 2R135F2-1

Kinematic diagram of the drilling machine 2r135f2-1 with CNC 2P32-3

The kinematic diagram of the machine (Fig. 4.6) consists of the following independent kinematic chains: the drive of the main movement (rotation of the turret spindles); cross table feed drive; caliper drive with turret; turning the turret; pressing tools out of spindles.

Chain of the main movement

Main drive circuit: two-speed asynchronous motor M1 (N=4/4.5 kW; n=1470/990 rpm) - gear train 29/41-shaft I - shaft II (through gears 24/48 and 36/36 at with M1 and M2 clutches engaged or through gear 14/36 with M3 clutch engaged) -shaft III (through gears 14/36 and 48/24 with M4 and M5 clutches engaged) -shaft V through bevel gear 21/21 - to one of turret spindles through gears 35/42; 31/49; 49/47; 47/35.

Cross Table Feed Drive Chain

The cross table feed drive chain has two gearboxes, one of which moves the table along the sled (X axis), and the second - the movement of the sled along the frame (Y axis).

Slider drive kinematic chain

The kinematic chain of the sled drive ensures their fast, medium and slow movements. Rapid movement (at a speed of 7000 mm / min): M4 electric motor (N = 0.6 kW; p = 1380 rpm) - gears 16/40; 34/22; 22/52; 52/34 - ball screw.

Moving at an average speed (200 mm / min): M4 electric motor - gears 16/64; 25/55; 25/55; 38/42; 22/52; 52/34 - ball screw. Slow movement (with a speed of 50 mm / min): M4 electric motor - gears 16/64; 25/55; 25/55; 16/64; 22/52; 52/34 - ball screw. A feedback sensor is mounted on the ball screw.

The movement of the table along the sled comes from the M5 electric motor (N = 0.6 kW; n = 1380 rpm); the kinematic chain of the drive for this movement is similar to the kinematic chain of the drive for moving the slide.

Turret caliper drive chain

Turret caliper drive circuit: DC electric motor M2 (N = l.3 kW; n = 50..2600 rpm) - gear 13/86 (or gear 37/37 - worm gear 4/25 - lead screw, equipped with a brake clutch (preventing arbitrary lowering of the caliper when the electric motor is turned off) and a DZ feedback sensor.

Turret drive chain

Turret rotation drive circuit: M3 electric motor (N=0.7/0.9 kW; n= 1400..2700 rpm) - gear 23/57 - worm gear 1/28 - gear 16/58 - turret body .

Pressing tools out of spindles

Pressing out tools from spindles: M3 motor - gear 18/52 (with the clutch engaged) - worm gear 1/28 - gear 21/21 - eccentric mounted in the groove of the turret axis of rotation and a pressing tool.

Lubrication of the turret support

Lubrication of the turret caliper is carried out forcibly according to the following scheme: MZ electric motor - gears 18/52; 52/75 - EZ eccentric, driving the plunger pump.

Gearbox lubrication

The gearbox is lubricated by a gear pump driven by the gearbox motor through a V-belt. The oil supplied by the pump enters the distribution chamber, where it is distributed to lubricate all moving parts of the gearbox and electromagnetic clutches, and then drained into a reservoir. The oil level is controlled by an oil gauge.

Lubrication of caliper and cross table feed gearboxes

The lubrication of the caliper feed gearboxes and the cross table is carried out by spraying oil with gears. The oil level is controlled visually using oil gauges.

Lubrication of the guides and screw pairs of the cross table

The guides and screw pairs of the cross table are lubricated manually using a lubricator. Turret spindle bearings are lubricated with grease.

Coolant supply

The coolant is supplied from a centrifugal pump. To cool the tool in the cutting zone, an individual drive is provided, which allows you to direct the coolant jet to the right place. The supply of coolant in the automatic cycle starts when the caliper moves down (the beginning of the working feed) and stops when the caliper returns to its original position (the corresponding toggle switch must be turned on on the control panel).

Electrical equipment of the machine

The electrical equipment of the machine consists of a separate cabinet for relay automation and CNC, as well as elements installed directly on the machine. Electrical connections between the nodes of the machine and the CNC are made with bundles in metal hoses ending in connectors.

The electrical circuit of the machine provides the following modes of operation:

commissioning;
semi-automatic with job input from CNC switches;
semi-automatic with the input of a task from a punched tape;
automatic with the input of a task from punched tape.

The mode is selected using the switches located on the control panels of the machine and the CNC.

Machine setup

Regardless of the position of the mode switch on the CNC control panel, the adjustment mode is switched on by switch 23 located on the control panel of the machine (Fig. 4.7). In the adjustment mode, carried out by means of the controls located on the machine control panel, the following is performed: turning the turret to a predetermined position; extrusion of the tool; turning the spindle rotation on and off; moving the table along the X and Y axes in accordance with the selected speed and direction; movement of the turret support along the Z axis in accordance with the task.

Setting the working bodies of the machine to the zero position

The installation of the working bodies of the machine in the zero position is carried out automatically before the command "Enter the program". When button 15 is pressed, the turret support quickly rises until the limit switch is activated along the Z coordinate. The table moves until the limit switches are activated along the X and Y coordinates, while commands are sent to the CNC about the initial position of the working bodies. The installation cycle is complete.

Turret rotation

To select the position of the turret, the switch 24 is set to the desired position. Pressing button 6 starts the cycle of turning the turret to the position specified by switch 24. When button 6 is pressed and there is no task, the head makes non-stop movement.

Turning on the spindle in the "Setup" mode

Turning on the spindle in the “Setup” mode for all operations (except threading) is done with button 21, and turning it off - with button 22 (when threading, buttons 21 and 22 do not work). The spindle speed is set by switch 27.

Movement of working bodies along the axes X, Y, Z

Movement of working bodies along the axes X, Y, Z. The choice of the working axis is made by switch 4.

The choice of fast, medium or slow movement is made by switch 7, and the direction of movement is selected by switch 5.

Setting the start of the program in the XY plane

To adjust the beginning of the program in the XY plane, use mandrels-catchers or probes. In manual mode, they combine the spindle axis with the beginning of the program, type on the CNC control such values of zero offset along the X and Y axes, which give zero readings of the digital indication.

The machine is adjusted along the Z axis after installing the cutting tool in the turret spindle. In the initial position of the caliper, it is checked that the turret does not touch the fixture with the workpiece clamped in it during rotation.

Installation drawing of a drilling machine 2r135f2

Technical characteristics of the machine 2R135F2

Parameter name	2R135F2
Main parameters of the machine
The largest drilling diameter in steel 45, mm	35
The largest diameter of the cut thread in steel 45, mm	M24
The smallest and largest distance from the end of the spindle to the surface of the table, mm	40..600
Distance from the axis of the vertical spindle to the rack guides (outreach), mm	450
The largest diameter of the cutter, mm	100
The greatest depth of milling, mm	2
Maximum milling width, mm	60
Longitudinal movement of the table along the slide rails (X-axis), mm	630
Transverse movement of the slide along the guides of the frame according to the program (Y axis), mm	360
The greatest movement of the spindle head according to the program (Z axis), mm	560
Caliper. Spindle grandma. Spindle
Spindle speed, rpm	45..2000 31..1400
Number of spindle speeds	12
Fast travel speed of the caliper (headstock), m/min	4
Number of caliper feeds along the Z axis, mm	18
Caliper feed, mm	10..500
Maximum allowable torque, Nm	200
Spindle taper
Desktop
Dimensions of the working surface of the table, mm	400 x 710

Number of T-slots Dimensions of T-slots	3
Speed of fast movement of a table and a sled, m/min	7
Table and slide feed speed during milling, m/min	0,22
Minimum table travel speed, m/min	0,05
Positioning accuracy of the table and sled at the stroke length, mm	0,05
CNC system 2P32-3
Number of controlled coordinates	3
Number of simultaneously controlled coordinates	2
Discreteness of setting the movement of the table, sled and caliper, mm	0,01
Electrical equipment, drive
Main drive electric motor, kW	3,7
The electric motor of the drive for moving the headstock (caliper), kW	1,3
The electric motor of the drive for moving the sled and the table, kW	1,1
Turret rotation drive electric motor, kW	0,75
Electric coolant pump Х14-22М, kW	0,125
Machine dimension
Machine dimensions, mm	1800 x 2170 x 2700
Machine weight, kg	5390

Bibliography

Grachev L.N. Design and adjustment of machine tools with program control and robotic systems, 1986, p.122
Panov F.S. Work on CNC machines, 1984, p.163
Loskutov V.V. Drilling and boring machines, 1981, p.130
Vinnikov I.Z., Frenkel M.I. Driller, 1971
Vinnikov I.Z. Drilling machines and work on them, 1988
Sysoev V.I. Handbook of a Young Driller, 1962

CNC drilling machines are designed for drilling workpieces with high precision and productivity. They are used in woodworking, metalworking workshops, in the production of various parts of any kind of complexity, as well as in other industries.

CNC drilling machine

CNC drilling machines are used to perform operations on the processing of workpieces from various materials: drilling, preparing holes for mounting fasteners or fixing parts. They are used in small and large-scale production of hull or frame structures.

Device and principle of operation

The machines consist of the following components:

steel or cast iron base;
desktop with a movable coordinate plane;
stepper motors for table positioning;
turret for fastening drills;
caliper;
carrier column;
electric motor;
spindle speed switching boxes;
pendant control panel;
CNC block;
safety glass;
cooling systems.

It is also possible to expand the functions of the equipment to solve specific problems:

rotary or inclined mechanisms of working tables;
installation of thread-cutting cartridges;
installation of mounted conductors;
replacement of standard cartridges with quick-detachable or revolving ones;
rotary column.

The following methods can be used to program the CNC:

set the program through the control interface;
installation of punched cards, use of punched tapes or other storage devices;
changing the position of special switches or the use of stops.

The operation of CNC drilling equipment is based on the following principles:

Programmed by the CNC or using preset settings.
The operator sets the workpiece, determines its placement coordinates on the desktop.
The coordinates are sequentially entered into the program.
The program calculates the trajectory of the tool or desktop when starting the machining process.
Drills are installed, fixed. Be sure to select their correct position inside the cartridges.
The program is launched for execution. The mechanical units begin to work.
The drill is positioned above the point specified by the program, the workpiece is processed.
After processing is completed, the working tool moves to its original position.
The control display shows a message that all tasks have been completed. Next, you need to replace the part with a workpiece, select a program, and sequentially execute the entire algorithm again.

Specifications

Main technical characteristics:

maximum diameter of installed drills - 63 mm;
desktop dimensions - 1.2x1.2 m;
limit loads of blanks - up to 5 tons;
spindle speed - from 16 to 2000 rpm;
drill positioning speed in the plane - up to 10 thousand mm/min, and vertically - up to 3 thousand rpm;
engine power - up to 10 kW;
food - from one - or three-phase network.

Varieties

The following types of devices with program control are produced:

horizontal or vertical CNC drilling machines for creating deep holes inside parts;
central, which are used for drilling end holes in workpieces;
radial drilling , used for processing large parts in heavy industry.

CNC coordinate drilling machine for metal by the number of spindles is:

single-spindle, which is used to drill a hole of a certain diameter;
multi-spindle, which allows drilling several holes of various diameters in parts in one process.

CNC Jig Drilling Machine

Selection principles

The choice of machines must be made on the basis of the following criteria:

power unit power;
drilling functionality - rotary table, fastening of one or a set of drills, positioning speed of the working tool;
technical characteristics of the coordinate platform - dimensions, maximum allowable load;
frequency of rotation of the head with a drill;
type of cooling system installed, fluid supply method;
parameters for moving the working tool over the table, which determine the allowable dimensions for the workpieces;
positioning accuracy;
CNC characteristics, ease of control, programming, data entry;
equipment cost;
duration of the warranty period;
the complexity of maintenance, repairs, the availability of consumables for sale.

Exploitation

CNC drilling machines must be operated in accordance with the following requirements:

installation is allowed only inside heated rooms with an optimal level of humidity;
processing of workpieces that meet the requirements of the manufacturer of a particular model is acceptable;
all components, mechanisms must be kept clean, lubricated, serviced, monitored, replaced in a timely manner, avoiding critical damage;
before performing work, you should make sure that all units are fully operational, check the presence of protective screens, the ability of the machine to turn off in case of emergency;
in the event of a malfunction, it is unacceptable to process the workpieces;
it is unacceptable to drill parts from materials that do not fit the parameters of the installed drills;
in case of interruption of the supply of coolant or oils for lubricating mechanisms, it is necessary to stop the operation of the machine for troubleshooting;
after the start of the NC program, it is forbidden to touch the rotating or moving parts.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of drilling machines include:

precise positioning of the drill above the surface of the part;
multi-stage processing;
adjustment of torque, speed, drill stroke along the center line;
drilling at various angles;
ease of programming the CNC, changing programs to perform various production tasks;
automatic control of the current state of the machine;
high reliability of mechanical parts;
protection against overheating of the drill;
high resource of units and mechanisms;
many different models that allow you to move the spindle with a drill over the desktop or vice versa;
ease of operation, maintenance, repair;
high labor productivity;
safety in work due to the lack of contact with dangerous mechanical components.

Disadvantages of CNC drilling machines:

high cost of equipment;
large dimensions and weight;
for work the trained personnel - operators, adjusters is required.

Quality parts manufacturing

Manufacturers and cost

Models of CNC drilling machines are produced at the following enterprises:

JSC "Astrakhan machine-tool plant";
CJSC ComTech-Plus;
OAO Sterlitakamsk Machine-Tool Plant;
Plant "PromStroyMash";
JSC "Ryazan machine-tool plant";
OAO Kirov Machine Tool Plant.

The cost of machines, depending on their types, is as follows:

professional radial drilling desktop - from 120 thousand rubles;
radial drilling for critical work - from 150 thousand rubles;
heavy industrial - from 400 thousand rubles;
industrial radial drilling with a support rotated by 360 - from 1 million 100 thousand rubles.

Machine tools, depending on the models, may differ in the specifics of work, interaction with the operator, and also have other features. However, the basic principle of processing blanks remains.

Drilling machines perform the task of drilling a variety of parts, which then go to the assembly of larger mechanisms.

Drilling machines make it very easy to process parts. In the modern world, you can find jig-boring, radial-vertical, radial-grooving and many other types of machines.

1.1 Features of CNC machines

In addition to a large number of advantages of standard drilling machines, they also have their drawbacks. First of all, they relate to the fact that this equipment is rather bulky, and it is extremely difficult to control its movement.

Most spindles, if we are talking about a homemade horizontal drilling, grooving or homemade radial drilling machine, are either in a fully stationary or in a partially movable position.

That is, they can only be partially controlled. Nevertheless, the parts are moved manually, due to the rotation of the table, if such a characteristic is present on it, or the movement of the locking elements themselves.

Moreover, if you do not use a coordinate-oriented table, you will have to work almost by eye, and this also takes time, especially for beginners.

Such weak functionality in terms of efficient movement of parts could not be overlooked, which led to the emergence of CNC machines.

Currently CNC stands for "Computer Numerical Control". This is a special module that is able to read commands and transmit them to the working equipment.

At the same time, there are different models of CNC. Some models are intended for general use (for example, drilling in wood), while others are ideal when a person needs to machine parts.

Mounted on a desktop machine The CNC allows you to customize the movement of its elements. The movements themselves are carried out by movable bars, shaft screws, etc.

Different models of such equipment move differently. CNC boring machines move only the workpiece and the spindle itself, but only in one plane. However, boring machines should not provide more, because their tasks are rather trivial.

A horizontal CNC grooving machine, although such models are quite rare, gives more functions for moving to the supporting table.

Radial-drilling models of machine tools, in particular 2R135F2, as well as their other radial-vertical similarities with CNC, are fully disclosed. In such equipment, almost all elements are indulged in motion.

If CNC boring machines are able to control their parts in almost the same plane, then radial drilling machines can already change the position of the spindle, table, its elements, etc. Of course, moving absolutely all the details is not required at all.

For example, if a radial drilling machine can move the table along the X and Y axes, then it only needs to adjust the height of the spindle, but there is no need to move it.

As you understand, a horizontal desktop CNC machine is almost never found in our time, and it is extremely difficult to create a home-made prototype of such equipment with your own hands. However, this is quite normal, because the equipment that carries out high-precision metal processing cannot have a simple design.

The same model of the 2R135F2 machine consists of a huge number of parts, but this is a relatively simple mechanism when compared with modern coordinate drilling models.

2 The principle of operation of CNC equipment

The algorithm of the CNC machine can be described in a few simple sentences.

In his work, the principles of calculating coordinates in a given plane are laid down. Outdated CNCs, such as those installed on the 2R135F2 machine, are not particularly difficult.

They are more computing machines than computers. It is either not equipped with processors and powerful computing equipment, or are only partially equipped with them.

However, this is more than enough. To read information in outdated models, punched tape is most often used. For example, an eight-row punched tape on a 2R135F2 machine. Now such equipment mainly reads digital media.

Functioning algorithm:

The worker determines the coordinates of the location of the part.
Data is being entered into the CNC. Data is entered sequentially, point by point.
The process of calculating the trajectory of movement, work is started.
All necessary elements are adjusted on the machine, working drills are fixed.
The machine starts up.
By moving the spindle or table, the work item moves to the desired point and performs its task.
Upon completion, the CNC enters standby mode, asking for its next action algorithm.

The specifics of the work of different models of machines will be different. The same boring samples will differ greatly in their type of movement and manipulation of working tools, but the general principle of operation remains the same.

The movement of elements occurs mechanically, due to manipulations with rails, screws, etc. But the commands are given to them electronically, and the entire calculation is carried out by computing devices.

2.1 Creating a homemade CNC machine

It was not for nothing that the hands of craftsmen were called golden, because many inventors have learned how to create machines with their own hands that work in exactly the same way as modern CNC units.

Of course, homemade a mechanism of this type will be inferior to the factory one. And the characteristics of his actions will be far from ideal, but such prefabricated machines can still be used to work on metal, wood, etc.

Most of the trouble when assembling a homemade machine appears when it is necessary to create a replacement for the base CNC, as well as the manipulation bars that move the horizontal tool in conjunction with the calculators.

For these purposes, use:

Modern computers;
Special software;
Small processors for setting the simplest commands;
Special strips and translators taken from printers.

A program is set on the computer, and it also calculates the entire process of work. Then it is connected to the system, with parameters already set in advance. And you will also need to mark the coordinates on the table.

By direct or indirect transmission of commands, manipulation is carried out. movement of the working element. And the element itself moves on rails, which gives it the ability to move in three planes.

Reiki and the engine for moving can be assembled independently (this is extremely difficult, but possible), or you can remove it from printers or other similar equipment, adapting it for personal needs.

2.2 Creating a homemade CNC machine (video)

The CNC vertical drilling machine, which is in demand at many enterprises, is divided into different types and complexity classes. Such machines are used to perform work on drilling various holes in workpieces; engage in countersinking, reaming.

For these operations, as well as for threading inside the part, they use drills with cylindrical or conical shanks, threading heads, reamers, countersinks, taps, and other tools.

Advantages

The main parameter of drilling equipment is perfectly accurate holes. Achieving this goal is served by the capabilities of such drilling machines:

desktop and on a column;
those in which the spindle is fed automatically;
vertical - with one and several spindles;
aggregate and specialized;
horizontal centering, radial and thread-cutting.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the manufactured products, production volumes, it is good to have stationary equipment of all types in the technical base of the enterprise in order to perform drilling on machines that are optimal in this case.

Fields of application of equipment

The main scope of drilling machines is metalworking operations. Fixing the tools in the spindles is vertical, and the workpieces to be processed are fixed on the desktop. It is very difficult, by moving the parts, to combine the axis of its future hole with the axis of the drill by eye. Therefore, this process is automated in order to orient the workpiece, to obtain a hole with the desired diameter.

The catalog of equipment with program control includes the following items of popular machines:

desktop - with one spindle, used for drilling small holes - up to 12 mm;
radial drilling - with its own scope, processing large heavy workpieces and drilling holes that must be arranged in an arc;
horizontal drilling - for making deep holes in the nodes for small arms, artillery weapons;
central - with its participation in the ends of the blanks, center holes are drilled;
multi-spindle - effective if you need to drill several holes at the same time;
with a rotary spindle - able to work simultaneously in two planes;
aggregate - has several power heads acting independently;
the special machine is limited to a set of certain functions.

Equipment has been created that performs combined processing of workpieces: with drilling and boring functions simultaneously, for drilling and cutting operations (multi-spindle version) and automatic centers for drilling profile.

As for working with wood, vertical ones are popular, processing on one or two sides; performing drilling together with milling and slotting works, they are also designed for making grooves, nests and removing knots.

Vertical type machines

A distinctive feature of such machines is that the location of the cutting tool on the rack is vertical, it starts moving thanks to a powerful electric motor. And the movable beam moving along the rack is a place for the location of the main nodes that provide the technological process.

The type of control for most vertical machines is manual or semi-automatic.

But when efficient work is needed to establish mass production, CNC vertical drilling machine is preferred. It can be radial (regular or high-speed); with a box-section column, cantilever or with a magnetic cushion.

Serial production longevity

Among the machines for drilling vertical type, there is a model 2r135f2. Its serial production began in 1979. This domestic unit, along with other popular models, is produced at the Sterlitamak Machine-Tool Plant. In addition to drilling metalworking equipment, the company produces a variety of honing machines - grinding and lapping machines used for rollers, plungers, bushings, concentric holes in parts. Dozens of models of metalworking equipment and cutting tools leave the factory conveyor.

If we talk specifically about the 2r135f2 model, then it belongs to the especially functional ones. This vertical CNC drilling machine in the turret has six spindles, a coordinate table, also called a cross table. It is he who contributes to maximum rigidity, high accuracy, provides convenient installation and tool change.

It performs work on:

countersinking, drilling, reaming and reaming;
milling blanks in the technological process;
processing of parts, without preliminary markup;
thread cutting;
coordinate processing of workpieces.

This type of equipment has many advantages. It suffices to name only 5 main ones:

Works with a wide range of spindle speeds and feeds.
Autonomously selects the normative mode of processing workpieces from different materials.
The accuracy of the distances between the axes of the machined holes is achieved.
Actually, turning on the automatic mode, turn the turrets.
Performs automatic multi-operation work with a large number of holes.

The design of the machine is extremely simple. Its base is connected to the column, and the caliper moves along the vertical guides. Rigid installation of the feed reducer and gearbox was made on the column. The sled moves on the basis of the coordinate table. They move the desktop in the transverse direction. With the help of a gearbox, the table can move in the other direction.

Model 2R135F2 was awarded the highest quality category, and numerical control simultaneously ensures the movement of the desktop along two axes - with precise positioning up to 0.05 mm.

Equipment of new models

CNC models are also in demand by enterprises - F6, F8, F10. They serve to drill through and blind holes with high accuracy in the planes and ends of furniture panels, blanks from timber. They then go to the manufacture of cabinet furniture.

Such equipment has found application in furniture factories engaged in mass or serial production. Machine tools have many advantages:

in one pass of the workpiece, the process of drilling all the filler cards is ensured;
ease of use: there is no need to reconfigure the machine for each part, the desired program is selected and a new type of workpiece is installed;
ease of programming: the optimization program itself chooses the additive option (as fast as possible with this tool);
possible through operation mode (the machine is served by two) or the panel return mode to loading (when one operator is working);
reliable fixation of workpieces is provided by pneumatic brakes;
equipment can be controlled using an ergonomic remote displaying all operations performed.

Machine operators have the ability to adjust the length, width and thickness of the material, and vertical spindles (there are 7 of them) and 1-2 horizontal ones are involved in the work.

Horizontal drilling centers

Horizontal CNC drilling machines are convenient to process massive workpieces in a short time, the spindle with a cutting tool - a large drill, is located in a horizontal plane. On many models, the workpiece is stationary. The tools themselves, due to the presence of a rotating drum (it has several movable spindle heads), approach the workpieces, accurately finding drilling points.

The range of modern drilling equipment, in addition to machine tools that can be found in garages, car repair shops, furniture production, in the aircraft industry and instrument making; is represented by reliable and extremely accurate high power CNC drilling centers that guarantee the highest quality.

Conclusion

Drilling equipment with numerical control capabilities is in demand in the field of industrial production, especially the vertical type of machine tools. When purchasing it, many are guided by the brand or are guided by financial considerations, choosing domestically produced equipment or manufactured abroad. The main thing is that the machine has a factory warranty from the manufacturer, corresponds to its intended purpose and clearly performs its functions.