The simplest shelters (crevices). Elements of the educational and material base
The simplest shelters include open and closed slots (Fig. 3). The cracks are built by the population themselves using improvised local materials. The simplest shelters have reliable protective properties. Thus, an open slot reduces the probability of damage by a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation by 1.5-2 times, and reduces the possibility of exposure in the zone of radioactive contamination by 2-3 times. The overlapped gap protects completely from light radiation, from a shock wave - 2.5-3 times, from penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation - 200-300 times.
The gap is initially arranged open. It is a zigzag trench in the form of several straight sections with a length of no more than 15 m. Its depth is 1.8-2 m, the width along the top is 1.1-1.2 m and along the bottom up to 0.8 m. The length of the gap is determined from the calculation 0.5-0.6 m per person. The normal slot capacity is 10-15 people, the largest is 50 people. The construction of the gap begins with a breakdown and tracing - marking its plan on the ground. First, the base line is hung, and the total length of the slot is plotted on it. Then, to the left and to the right, half the dimensions of the width of the gap along the top are deposited. In places of fractures, pegs are hammered, tracing cords are pulled between them and grooves 5-7 cm deep are torn off. As they deepen, the slopes of the slot are gradually trimmed and brought to the required size. In the future, the walls of the gap are strengthened with boards, poles, reeds or other improvised materials. Then the gap is covered with logs, sleepers or small-sized reinforced concrete slabs. A layer of waterproofing is laid on top of the coating, using roofing felt, roofing material, vinyl chloride film, or a layer of crumpled clay is laid, and then a layer of soil 50-60 cm thick. separating the sheltered room with a curtain of dense fabric. An exhaust duct is installed for ventilation. A drainage groove is broken along the floor with a drainage well located at the entrance to the gap.
Conclusion
This paper considers a range of issues related to the accumulation of the fund of civil defense protective structures, their maintenance, operation and use in peacetime and wartime.
The problem of engineering protection of the population, in terms of providing it with protective structures, has always been relevant throughout the entire period of formation and development of civil defense. Depending on the type and degree of military threats and dangers, it underwent certain quantitative and qualitative changes, the categories of the population sheltered in protective structures and the degree of protection in these structures were specified.
The main measures to improve the efficiency of engineering protection of the population in the near future are defined by the "Fundamentals of a unified state policy in the field of civil defense for the period up to 2010", approved by the President of the Russian Federation on January 5
2004 No. Pr-12. These are:
improving the engineering protection of the population, improving the maintenance and use of civil defense protective structures in peacetime;
maintaining readiness of protective structures of civil defense,
ensuring the protection of workers and employees (working shifts) of the most important facilities and the population from hazards;
adaptation in peacetime and in a threatened period of buried rooms, subways and other structures of underground space for sheltering the population;
preparation for the construction of the missing protective structures of civil defense with simplified internal equipment and shelters of the simplest type during the threatened period.
Further improvement of engineering protection should be inextricably linked with the development of new approaches to its organization, taking into account modern conditions and requirements. Today's approaches are based on the "Basic Principles for the Protection of the Population from Weapons of Mass Destruction", adopted in 1963. For more than 45 years since the adoption of these principles, there have been significant changes in the forms and methods of conducting modern wars, the socio-economic conditions and capabilities of our state. This objectively causes the need to reconsider the views on the protection of the population at their place of work and residence in large cities and outside them, the development of new types of protective structures with protective properties that are adequate to modern threats and dangers.
b) built-in shelters are placed under the building with an emergency exit outside the zone of possible blockages;
c) stand-alone shelters;
62. Explain the device of the shelter.
a) Availability of life support systems and a filtering unit;
63. What are the seating standards for one person?
a) a space of at least 0.5 m2 of floor and 1.5 m3 per person.
b) a space of at least 1.5 m2 of floor and 2.0 m3 per person
c) space of at least 1.5 m2 of floor and 1.7 m3 per person
64. What are the accommodation rates for lying on tiers per person?
a) 0.5 m2 b) 0.4 m2 c) 1.0 m2
65. For what purposes are shelters used in peacetime?
a) for protection against emergency situations: floods;
b) for the economic needs of the enterprise (warehouses, labor protection office, civil defense class, etc.)
c) for protection against emergency situations: storms, hurricanes, avalanches, mudflows;
66. List the procedure for bringing protective structures to readiness.
a) clearing of approaches to protective structures, inscriptions - signs and light signals "Entrance" are installed. All entrances and exits are opened for airing the premises.
b) All equipment and property stored in peacetime is removed from them. Engineering and technical equipment is being reactivated. The ventilation system, heating, water and power supply, radio and communications, disconnecting devices (faucets, valves, knife switches, etc.) are checked.
c) Bunks, benches are installed, drinking tanks are filled with water, food products with a three-day supply are laid. The diesel power plant is replenished with a three-day supply of fuel and lubricants. At the same time, the serviceability of protective and hermetic devices (doors, shutters, gates) is checked, shelters are replenished with the necessary equipment
66. What do you need to take with you when you go to the shelter?
a) personal protective equipment, documents for all family members (passports, military tickets, diplomas, birth certificates for children, etc.), money, jewelry, food supplies in the form of dry rations (for 2-3 days) and water ( 1.5 - 2 liters for each family member)
b) do not take anything, everything is in the shelter;
c) take bed linen and dry rations
68. How do latecomers get to the shelter?
a) Latecomers are not allowed;
b) Latecomers are given gas masks and sent home;
c) Latecomers fill the shelter through a special tambour
69. List the main responsibilities of those taking shelter.
a) there are no such obligations
b) comply with the internal regulations, all orders of the personnel of the shelter service unit; keep personal protective equipment ready; keep calm, prevent cases of panic and violations of public order;
78. When in shelters of the simplest type, is it necessary to use personal protective equipment?
a) Yes b) No
79. How will you choose a place for the construction of the simplest shelters?
a) the premises of the basement, basement and first floors of buildings, as well as cellars, cellars, undergrounds, vegetable stores, and they are built in cities and at facilities when there are not enough shelters built in advance.
b) The simplest shelters such as cracks, trenches, trenches, dugouts, dugouts
c) a place is chosen near housing or work
80. Explain the arrangement of open and closed slits?
a) The gap is a ditch 1.5 m deep, 2 m wide at the top, 1.8 m at the bottom. Usually the gap is built for 50 people.
b) The gap can be open and blocked. It is a ditch 1.8-2m deep, 1-1.2m wide at the top, 0.8m at the bottom. Usually the gap is built for 10-40 people. A bench for sitting is arranged along one of the walls, and niches for storing food and drinking water containers in the walls. Under the floor, the slots arrange a drainage groove with a catchment well.
c) Slots are arranged in the form of straight sections located at an angle to each other, the length of each of which is not more than 10 m. Entrances are made at right angles to the adjacent section. The device of the slot begins with its breakdown and tracing. To break the gap in the places of its kinks, pegs are hammered, between which a rope (trace cord) is pulled. Tracing consists in digging small grooves (grooves) along the stretched rope, indicating the contours of the gap. After that, the sod between the trace lines is removed and set aside. Tear off the middle section first. As it deepens, its walls are gradually leveled to the desired size, making them inclined.
81. The flood zone caused by the destruction of the hydraulic structure, where the height of the breakthrough wave is from 1.5 to 4 m or more, and its speed is from 1.5 to 2.5 m / s, is called the zone of ___________ flooding.
a) Dangerous b) Catastrophic c) Moderate d) Extremely dangerous
ü Didactic units - 0.17
The most accessible simple shelters are slots - open (Fig. 13.10) and especially blocked (Fig. 13.11).
If people take cover even in simple open cracks, then the probability of their being hit by a shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation from a nuclear explosion will decrease by 1.5–2 times compared to being located in an open area. The possibility of irradiating people as a result of radioactive contamination of the area will decrease by 2-3 times, and after decontamination of contaminated cracks - by 20 times or more. If the gaps are closed, then protection from light radiation will be complete, from a shock wave it will increase by 2.5–3 times, and from penetrating radiation and radioactive radiation with a thickness of soil filling over the ceiling of 60–70 cm - by 200–300 times. Closing the gap will also protect people from direct contact with clothing and skin of people with radioactive, poisonous substances and bacterial agents, as well as from being hit by debris from collapsing buildings.
Rice. 13.10.
Rice. 13.11.
However, it must be remembered that cracks, even if they are blocked, do not provide protection against toxic substances and bacterial agents. When using them, personal protective equipment should be used: in blocked crevices - usually respiratory protection, in open crevices, in addition, skin protection equipment.
In order to weaken the damaging effect on the sheltering shock wave, the gap is made zigzag or broken. The length of the straight section should not exceed 15 m.
The construction site of the gap should be chosen mainly in areas without solid soils and coatings. In cities, it is best to build gaps in squares, on boulevards and in large courtyards, in rural areas - in gardens, vegetable gardens, wastelands, as well as in other free, dry and well-ventilated areas. It is impossible to build gaps near explosive workshops and warehouses, tanks with potent toxic substances, near high-voltage electrical lines, main gas and heat pipelines and water pipelines. When choosing a place for a crack, one must take into account the influence of the relief and precipitation on the nature of possible radioactive contamination of the area. The site should be selected on a site that is not flooded by ground, flood and storm waters, in a place with stable soil (excluding landslides).
In most cases, closed gaps should be built. They, as mentioned above, significantly increase the protection against all damaging factors of nuclear weapons and against all other types of weapons of mass destruction. To close the gap, it is necessary to use durable improvised material - logs or knurling 10–15 cm thick, reinforced concrete elements, rolled metal, etc. Overlapping elements are laid across the gap, close to each other, directly on the ground. The length of the support ends must be at least 50 cm on each side so that the shock wave of a nuclear explosion does not bring down the walls of the gap. In the absence of these materials, fascines made of brushwood or stems of agricultural plants (sunflower, corn, etc.) can be recommended as floors. All openings between the gap covering elements must be sealed with moss, grass, straw, turf (grass down) or other materials. This is done to give the overlap the greatest tightness.
In order to prevent water from getting into the gap above the ceiling, it is recommended to arrange waterproofing (as above the ceiling of an anti-radiation shelter).
To enhance the protection of people in the blocked gap from the shock wave and to prevent the penetration of radioactive substances into the gap, the entrances to the gap should be equipped with doors or attached shields. Doors and shields are made of boards or poles with a diameter of 5-7 cm, they are tightly fitted to each other and hooked with the help of two (top and bottom) transverse strips. You can also use mats of thin poles or bundles of brushwood, interconnected by wire. To hang the mat in its upper part, a pole 2–2.2 m long is tied; the pole is tied to wire braces with fixed anchor rings.
In the blocked gap, lighting should be provided. All wooden elements of the slots protruding to the surface should, if possible, be covered with a fire retardant composition - plaster or white paint. This does not make the wood fire-resistant in the full sense, but temporarily protects it from the effects of high temperature from the light emission of a nuclear explosion and flames when a fire breaks out around the gap. In addition, the fire retardant layer makes it difficult for the spread of fire and limits the source of combustion.
1.2 Anti-radiation shelters
Anti-radiation shelters protect people from radioactive contamination and light radiation and weaken the impact of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and penetrating radiation. They are usually equipped in the basement or ground floors of buildings and structures.
It should be remembered that different buildings and structures weaken the penetrating radiation in different ways: the premises of the first floor of wooden buildings weaken the penetrating radiation by 2-3 times; premises of the first floor of stone buildings - 10 times; premises of the upper floors (with the exception of the topmost) of multi-storey buildings - 50 times; the middle part of the basement of a multi-storey stone building - 500 - 1000 times. The most suitable for anti-radiation shelters are the interiors of stone buildings with solid walls and a small area of openings. If there is a threat of radioactive contamination, these openings are sealed with improvised materials: bags of soil, bricks, etc.
If necessary, separate anti-radiation shelters are constructed.
1.3 The simplest shelters
The most accessible means of protection against modern weapons are the simplest shelters. They weaken the impact of the shock wave and radioactive radiation, protect against light radiation and debris from collapsing buildings, protect against direct contact with clothing and skin of radioactive, toxic and incendiary substances.
The simplest shelter is an open slot (Figure 9), which is torn off with a depth of 180 - 200 cm, a width of 100 - 120 cm along the top, and 80 cm along the bottom with an entrance at an angle of 900 to its longitudinal axis. The length of the gap is determined at the rate of 0.5 m per one sheltered person.
Subsequently, the protective properties of the open gap are enhanced by arranging steepness clothes, floors with soil sprinkling and a protective door. Such a cover is called a covered gap.
In order to weaken the damaging effect of the shock wave on those who are hiding, the gap is made zigzag or broken. The length of the straight section should be no more than 15 meters. However, it must be remembered that cracks, even if they are blocked, do not provide protection against toxic substances and bacterial agents.
When using them, if necessary, use personal protective equipment: in blocked cracks - usually respiratory protection, in open cracks, in addition, skin protection.
The place for the construction of the gap should be chosen mainly in areas without solid soils and coatings. In cities, it is best to build gaps in squares, on boulevards and in large courtyards, in rural areas - in gardens, vegetable gardens, wastelands. It is impossible to build gaps near explosive workshops and warehouses, tanks with potent toxic substances, near high-voltage electrical lines, gas and heat mains and water pipelines.
Figure 10 - Covered gap
When choosing a place for a crack, one must also take into account the influence of relief and precipitation on the nature of possible radioactive contamination of the area. Sites for them should be selected in areas that are not flooded by ground, flood and storm water, in places with stable soil (excluding landslides). The distance between adjacent slots must be at least 10 meters.
The construction of the gap should begin with the breakdown and tracing of it - designating the plan of the gap at the selected location. At the boundaries of the future gap and in the places of its breaks, stakes are driven in, tracing cords are pulled between the stakes, along which grooves are torn off with shovels. The layout of the gap should be made in such a way that surface water flows freely to the sides without falling into the gap. When digging a gap, the soil is thrown out on both sides, at a distance not closer than 50 centimeters from the edges. This will make it possible in the future to lay the elements of the gap overlap on a solid, stable ground.
At one of the walls, cracks at a depth of 130 - 150 centimeters make a seat 85 centimeters wide. It is desirable to sheathe the seat with boards (tesom). Slots in the walls tear off niches (recesses) for storing food and water supplies. It is desirable to make the floor in the slot plank, but you can limit yourself to earthen.
It is advisable to make the entrances to the slot 2 - 2.5 meters long, stepped, located at right angles to the slot.
To enhance the protection of people in the blocked gap from the shock wave and to prevent the penetration of radioactive substances, the entrances to it should be equipped with doors or closed with attached shields.
To protect against fire, all open wooden parts of the cracks are covered with fire retardants (lime coating - 62% slaked lime, 32% water and 6% common salt).
Covered slots must be ventilated. To do this, an exhaust duct is arranged in the slot on the opposite side of the entrance.
The box should be brought out to a height of 150 - 200 centimeters. In the blocked gap, lighting should be provided.
Work on the construction of cracks should be carried out at an accelerated pace in order to provide them to the entire population in need of protection within the shortest possible time after the appearance of the danger of an enemy attack.
1. 4 Protective properties of the terrain
The protective properties of the terrain depend on the relief, on the shape of local objects and their location relative to the explosion.
The best protection is provided by narrow, deep and winding ravines, quarries and especially underground workings. Hills with steep slopes, embankments, pits, low stone fences and other shelters of this type are also good protection against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Small recesses, hollows, ditches have some protective properties.
Forest areas weaken the effect of all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. They reduce the impact of the shock wave, penetrating radiation; reduce radioactive contamination; weaken the effect of light radiation. However, it should be remembered that light radiation causes a fire in the forest. The young deciduous forest is the least susceptible to fire; it should be used primarily for protection purposes. Since a strong shock wave breaks and destroys trees, it is best to be located in clearings, clearings and clearings covered with shrubs.
If at the time of a nuclear explosion you find yourself outside a shelter or shelter, you must quickly lie face down on the ground, using low stone fences, ditches, ditches, pits, stumps, embankments of highways and railways for protection (Figure 11). You can not take cover near the walls of buildings and structures - they can collapse.
When flashing, close your eyes - this can protect them from damage by light radiation. To avoid burns, open areas of the body must be covered with some kind of cloth. When the shock wave passes, you need to get up and put on personal protective equipment. If they are not there, you should cover your mouth and nose with any bandage (shawl, scarf, etc.) and dust off your clothes.
2. Practical work
Topic: Collective remedies
Objective:
To study the device, the protective properties of shelters, anti-radiation shelters, shelters of the simplest type and the rules of behavior in them;
Work out standards No. 1 and No. 2;
Material support:
Equipped shelter;
Personal protective equipment (gas masks GP-5);
Posters.
Completing of the work:
To study the arrangement of shelters, the procedure for filling and staying in them (clause 1.1.1, clause 1.1.3);
To master the skills of carrying out rescue work in case of damage to shelters (clause 1.1.4) .;
To study the device, purpose and rules of conduct in
anti-radiation shelters (clause 1.2);
To study the device, purpose and rules for using shelters of the simplest type (1.3);
To study and master the protective properties of the terrain (clause 1.4);
Development of standards No. 1 and No. 2 (Tables 2.1, 2.2).
3. Security questions
What means of collective protection do you know?
Give a classification of shelters according to capacity.
What are the types of shelters by location?
Explain the device of the shelter.
What are the seating standards for one person?
What are the accommodation rates for lying on tiers per person?
For what purposes are shelters used in peacetime?
List the procedure for bringing protective structures to readiness.
What do you need to take with you when you go to the shelter?
How do latecomers get to the shelter?
List the main responsibilities of those taking shelter.
What is forbidden to do sheltered in a shelter?
What is the procedure for carrying out rescue operations in case of damage to a shelter with sheltered people?
Name the main ways of opening the affected shelters.
How is the evacuation of sheltered people carried out?
What is the purpose of anti-radiation shelters?
What premises are suitable for anti-radiation shelters?
Explain the arrangement of stand-alone anti-radiation shelters.
Name the simplest types of shelters.
When in shelters of the simplest type, is it necessary to use personal protective equipment?
How will you choose a place for the construction of the simplest shelters?
Explain the arrangement of open and closed slits?
How to use the protective properties of the terrain from the impact of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion?
Bibliography
1. Life safety /Ed. S.V. Belova. - M .: Higher. school, 1999. - 448 p.
2. Atamanyuk V.G. etc. Civil Defense: A Textbook for High Schools. - M.: Higher. school, 1986. - 207 p.
3. Rudenko A.P. and others. Educational and methodological manual for conducting classes in civil defense with the population not employed in the production sector. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1988. - 192 p.
4. Civil defense /Ed. E. P. Shubina. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991. - 223 p.
5. Semenov S.N. and others. Conducting classes in civil defense: Methodological guide. - M.: Higher school, 1990. - 96 p.
6. Rusak O.N. , Malayan K.R. , Zanko N.G. Life safety: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2000. - 448 p.
7. Kukin P.P., Lapin V.L. and others. Life safety: Textbook for universities. - M .: Higher School, 2002. - 319 p.
For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://www.bti.secna.ru/ were used.
Low labor and production discipline, - improper organization of work, - lack of proper control over the production process, - improper use of personal and collective protective equipment or their absence at work. Occupational injuries often occur as a result of incorrect, erroneous actions of workers. Reasons and circumstances that ...
Human, ease of use and meet the requirements of technical aesthetics and ergonomics. Purpose: to study the equipment of educational institutions in the city of Totma with means of individual and collective protection. The object of the study: were the means of individual and collective protection of the population. Subject: Equipment of educational institutions in the city of Totma with the means of individual and collective ...
Should be mixed: natural and artificial. A large contrast between the brightness of the screen and the surrounding space should be avoided. It is forbidden to work on the computer in a dark and semi-dark room. Personal protective equipment (including overalls and safety shoes) At a number of enterprises, there are types of work or working conditions in which an employee can be injured or otherwise ...
2.1 About radiation protection regimes The radiation protection regime is understood as the procedure for the actions of people who find themselves in the zone of radioactive contamination, and the procedure for using means and methods of their protection, providing for the maximum reduction of possible radiation doses. To protect the population, the following three typical radiation protection regimes are provided: - No. 1 is used for settlements, in ...
What is forbidden to do sheltered in a shelter
a) smoke and drink alcohol; bring (bring) pets into the facility; bring flammable substances, explosive substances and substances with a strong or pungent odor, bulky things;
b) there are no restrictions; lead a normal life;
c) make noise, talk loudly, walk unnecessarily, open doors and leave the building; use light sources with open flames
What is the procedure for carrying out rescue operations in case of damage to a shelter with sheltered people?
b) turn off the damaged water supply, gas pipeline, power supply networks, sewerage passing through the shelter or near it,
c) turn off the damaged power supply networks passing through the shelter or near it
Name the main ways of opening the affected shelters.
b) clearing of debris from the main entrance; clearing of littered heads (hatches) of emergency exits; arrangement of openings in the walls or ceilings of littered shelters; arrangement of openings in the walls of shelters from underground workings.
c) through a punched hole in the ceiling of the shelter; the withdrawal of people through neighboring basements after punching an opening in the wall of the shelter adjacent to these premises.
How is the evacuation of sheltered people carried out?
b) make rescue formations in the following sequence: first, those who cannot go out on their own, and children, are brought to the surface, then the rest are evacuated.
c) transport
What is the purpose of anti-radiation shelters?
b) provide protection against hazardous chemicals;
c) provide protection against natural disasters
What premises are suitable for anti-radiation shelters?
b) with the presence of solid walls, ceilings and doors, the presence of hermetic structures and filter-ventilation devices
c) in the first floors of stone buildings, cellars
Explain the arrangement of stand-alone anti-radiation shelters.
b) a place to sit;
c) place to stay
Name the simplest types of shelters.
b) cellars, underground passages;
c) basements of industrial, residential and public buildings;
When in shelters of the simplest type, is it necessary to use personal protective equipment?
How will you choose a place for the construction of the simplest shelters?
b) The simplest shelters such as cracks, trenches, trenches, dugouts, dugouts
c) a place is chosen near housing or work
Explain the arrangement of open and closed slits?
b) The gap can be open and blocked. It is a ditch 1.8-2m deep, 1-1.2m wide at the top, 0.8m at the bottom. Usually the gap is built for 10-40 people. A bench for sitting is arranged along one of the walls, and niches for storing food and drinking water containers in the walls. Under the floor, the slots arrange a drainage groove with a catchment well.
c) Slots are arranged in the form of straight sections located at an angle to each other, the length of each of which is not more than 10 m. Entrances are made at right angles to the adjacent section. The device of the slot begins with its breakdown and tracing. To break the gap in the places of its kinks, pegs are hammered, between which a rope (trace cord) is pulled. Tracing consists in digging small grooves (grooves) along the stretched rope, indicating the contours of the gap. After that, the sod between the trace lines is removed and set aside. Tear off the middle section first. As it deepens, its walls are gradually leveled to the desired size, making them inclined.
Bibliography
Atamanyuk V.G. etc. Civil Defense: A Textbook for High Schools. - M.: Higher. school, 1986. - 207 p.
Belov S.V. Life safety / Ed. S.V. Belova. - M .: Higher. school, 2006. - 448 p.
Kukin P.P., Lapin V.L. and others. Life safety: Textbook for universities. - M .: Higher School, 2002. - 319 p.
Mazurin E.P., Aizman R.I. Civil defense. Ed. ARTA. 2011.
Rudenko A.P. and others. Educational and methodological manual for conducting classes in civil defense with the population not employed in the production sector. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1988. - 192 p.
Rusak O.N. , Malayan K.R. , Zanko N.G. Life safety: Textbook for universities. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2000. - 448 p.
Semenov S.N. and others. Conducting classes in civil defense: Methodological guide. - M.: Higher school, 1990. - 96 p.
Shubin E.P. Civil Defense / Ed. E. P. Shubina. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991. - 223 p.
