Do-it-yourself hipped or hipped roof. How to make a pitched roof: from design to installation

After the publication of an article about the construction of a gable roof with my own hands, many letters began to come to my mail asking me to show how a four-slope hip roof was being built. Indeed, this version of the truss system is quite popular, but its construction is more difficult than the same gable roof or even a broken one.

This complexity is associated with the presence of corner rafters in the design. In different sources they are called differently - diagonal, oblique, hip ... I will use the term angular for simplicity.

When describing the construction of a gable roof, I also used a structure in which the rafters rest on the floor beams of the floor below. Now, for a change, we will consider an example when the rafters rest directly on the Mauerlat.

So, let's say we have a foot of a house measuring 7x11 meters. Its height is 3.5 meters. Under the roof we will have an unheated attic. The pictures below show how we installed the attic floor and the mauerlat (click on the picture to enlarge the images).

The calculation of the section of the floor beams was made in the program described. I chose a section of 100x200 mm.

The beams were calculated as loaded with a distributed load. The step of the beams is the maximum possible with such a section of 0.7 meters. When calculating attic floors, I always use a standard distributed load of 300 kg / m². Here, 200 kg / m² falls on the weight of the floor itself with insulation and 100 kg / m² is added as a temporary load from people who will move along the floors during the construction of the roof and possibly during operation (some people store various things in the attic).

Design load "Load(calc.)" is determined by increasing the standard load (in this case by 10%) to provide a greater margin of safety.

Floor beams, in order to evenly distribute the load, we installed on a board with a section of 50x150 mm. This is especially important for the load-bearing partition, because in addition to the ceilings themselves, it will also bear part of the load from the roof. As a bar 100x150 mm is used.

Any four-pitched hip roof begins with the installation of a ridge beam. Accordingly, we need to rely on something. If there is a load-bearing partition under the ridge beam, then everything is simple - we rely on it.

In our example, the load-bearing partition in the house is located perpendicular to the future ridge. It is impossible to lean the skate on the floor beams, because. their cross section was not calculated for this. Therefore, we proceed as follows. On the Mauerlat, we install the carrier beam strictly in the middle. It consists of two boards with a section of 50x200 mm (see pictures). The gap between them is 50 mm. Why exactly two boards - it will be clear below.

Pay attention to where the inserts between the boards are (right figure - the size of 676 cm is measured with a tape measure; dividing this value by 2 and subtracting 2.5 cm from it - we get the desired size). These inserts are made from scraps of a 50x150 mm board and are firmly sewn on with nails.

Now we collect the so-called "bench". Racks from boards 50x150 mm, ridge timber from a board 50x200 mm. We put the racks strictly vertically in level (or plumb) on the inserts shown above. Each post is fixed with temporary braces (the figure shows the braces on only one post). All connections are made with self-tapping screws so that they can be easily disassembled. Why - it will be clear later.

The height of the racks is determined by the method mentioned in the article about the broken mansard roof. Those. before starting construction, it is necessary to draw on paper a sketch of the box of the house and the future roof on a scale (the larger the drawing, the more visual it is). The sketch is drawn based on personal aesthetic preferences.

From the resulting scheme, we determine the height of the racks. In this example, I am quite satisfied with racks 2.5 meters high.

The next step will be the manufacture and installation of rafters resting against the ridge beam. In order not to get confused, let's call them ordinary rafters. The calculation showed that as ordinary rafters in our example (the region is the Nizhny Novgorod region, the roof is a metal tile), you can use boards with a section of 50x150 mm in increments of 0.6 meters.

To begin with, we will make a template from an inch board 25x150 mm. The order of its markup is shown in the figures below:

I'll explain a little. We take an inch board of suitable length. We apply it as shown in the left figure. We mark the upper washed down as shown in the middle figure using any bar 5 cm high. This height is equal to the depth of the washed down rafter at the junction with the Mauerlat. Usually I take this depth equal to about one third of the height of the rafter section. That is, for example, if the rafters were from a board 50x200 mm, then the washed down would be 7 cm deep.

The lower part of the template is laid out in accordance with the right figure. We washed down the rafters on the Mauerlat again using any bar 5 cm high. Then, measuring 40 cm from the outer surface of the wall (our cornice overhang will be this wide), draw a vertical line along the level or plumb line.

In the right figure, you can see that when marking the template, it turned out that the top row of facing bricks interferes with us. So we just took it off. It was possible to knock out individual bricks at the places where the rafters were installed. I already wrote earlier that it is not necessary to load the facing masonry with a roof.

So, the template for ordinary rafters is ready. Of course, building a box at home, as well as installing a Mauerlat and a ridge beam in compliance with ideal geometry is very difficult. There will always be errors. Therefore, before preparing the next rafter, take a template and attach it in the place where this rafter will be placed. If you see any inconsistencies, immediately take them into account when making the rafters. Perhaps it will need to be lengthened by a few millimeters or vice versa shortened. In general, in the process of work, everything will become clear.

After all the ordinary rafters are installed and secured, in this example, before installing the corner rafters, I would unload our middle carrier beam (which is from 2 boards 50x200). To do this, we remove the racks on which we put the ridge beam. At this point, the load will be completely distributed on the walls of the box at home. And now we shorten our racks a little and put them in place. They should enter between the ridge and the beam freely with minimal effort (do not hammer them with a healthy hammer).

If our racks were not based on a beam, but on a load-bearing partition, we would have skipped this step.

Now let's move on to the most interesting - the manufacture and installation of corner rafters. The corner rafter must simultaneously be located immediately in 2 adjacent planes of the slopes. This is a prerequisite for the fact that the crate and roof will be even without deflections. Different builders do it differently. Let me tell you how we do it.

The calculation of the cross section of the corner rafters is quite complicated, it makes no sense to delve into it. We always make them from 2 boards of the same section sewn together as ordinary rafters. This practice has been verified by many years of experience of many builders. I can vouch for reliability, of course with the installation of the necessary props (we will talk about them below).

To begin with, at each corner, directly to the Mauerlat, we attach two sawn (see Fig.) Cutting boards (50x100 mm) about 30 cm long. The cuts are made at an angle of 45º.

Further, at any corner from which we decided to start, we fasten a piece of board (in this case, 50x150 mm) according to the figure. Pay attention - the plane of the bar facing us coincides with the line connecting the inner and outer corners of the Mauerlat. In short, the bar stands in the place where the right board of the future corner rafter will stand.

Now, on an ordinary rafter, we measure the size shown in the figure with a square and mark it on the installed bar. Let's call the resulting point - point 1. Screw a self-tapping screw into it.

At the top, according to the figure, we make the markup. The size of 10 cm is the thickness of the corner rafter. The main thing is that the triangle is isosceles. Let's call the point on the right (marked with a small dash in the figure) - point 2. We also screw a self-tapping screw into it.

Between points 1 and 2 we pull the lace (shown in blue). Then we take any small piece of a board 15 cm wide (the same as that of the rafters) and, combining its upper edge with a lace (see figure), rest this piece against the Mauerlat. At the point of contact, draw a mark with a pencil and measure the size of the support of the corner rafter (in this case, 11 cm). Let's call this mark - point 3.

Now we need to measure the angle of inclination of the corner rafter. To do this, we use malka. It is better to purchase a Malka with a protractor assembly (left picture). If you couldn’t find one, you can also use a simple bevel plus an ordinary school protractor (middle picture). Which angle we measure is shown in the right figure:

We apply the resulting workpiece at the top (see the left figure) to our point 2 and, combining it with the lace, draw lines parallel to the ordinary rafter on the right with a pencil. We make a new gash along these lines. What should happen can be seen in the right figure. The figure also shows that at the lower point of contact between the template and the ordinary rafter, we put another mark. Let's call it Point 4.

Finally, we remove the lace, measure the distance between points 3 and 4 with a tape measure and make a corner rafter. The sequence is this: we measure the overhang of an ordinary rafter. Above in the figure, which shows an ordinary rafter with dimensions, the size we need is 0.67 meters. Let's multiply this value by 1.5. To the resulting figure, add the distance between points 3 and 4. So we get the length of the corner rafter blank. This length is made with a sufficient margin. The overhang will turn out to be more than necessary, it is cut already in place when the cornice is made.

Now we sew two boards 50x150. With a large length of the workpiece, we join the boards - we make joints in different places. I think everything is obvious here. Using the template, we mark and saw down the upper end of the right board. Then, as if making a mirror image, we saw down the left board. We set aside the distance between points 3 and 4 on the workpiece (from where it should be clear from the figures above). We make the bottom cut while maintaining the angle α and our support size of the corner rafter is 11 cm. Now the rafter can be put in place and fixed.

For other corner rafters, we make all the cuts the same. The only thing that can be clarified is the distance between points 3 and 4.

The most loaded point of the corner rafter is at a distance of 1/4 of the span from the top point. Therefore, here you need to put additional racks. As I said, in our example, racks cannot be placed on floor beams, so we put additional beams under them with a section of 100x200 mm.

Now we need to make and install the so-called "spiders". Here, in principle, everything is not as difficult as it might seem. To begin with, on the Mauerlat with a pencil, we make markings with the necessary step (0.6 meters) and mark the places where the sprigs will stand. Now we are making the shortest extreme sprig right in the place. Its lower cuts and the length of the overhang are marked according to the pattern of ordinary rafters that we have left. They are identical. The upper gash can be done right on the spot without any complicated constructions. The handler is not heavy. They took it, twisted it, figured it out, corrected the top gash with a chainsaw a couple of times and everything will work out. If the spear moves a few centimeters to the left or right along the Mauerlat, this is not scary. The main thing is to ensure that, when viewed from above, the angle between it and the Mauerlat is 90º. I think this is understandable.

Now we can use this short conch as a template for everyone else. The cuts are all the same, only the length is different. See the figure: we measure the length of an ordinary rafter and subtract from it the length of the short rafter made. The resulting figure is divided by the total number of sparrows in the corner. After all, we made markings on the Mauerlat and we know how many there will be. In our case, five. So, we got the distance by which the length of each subsequent sprig will differ. Those. we have a short one, add this distance to it, we get the length of the next one and so on. I am sure that if you build the roof yourself and reach this stage, then you will not have any problems here.

Now a small digression. If the span covered by the corner rafter is more than 7.5 meters, in addition to the rack installed by us, you need to put an additional rack at a distance of 1/4 of the span from the lower support point. If the ceilings allow, we put a rack on them, or we make the so-called "sprengel" (see fig.).

If the span is more than 9 meters, we put more racks in the middle. Well, here, accordingly, it will be necessary to strengthen the ordinary rafters. In the process of their calculation, this will become obvious.

So, back to our roof. Now you need to make a cornice overhang. In this article, I will not delve into the process. Tired of writing. I will give only a few drawings, from which I think everything will be clear.

This is where I would like to finish. Of course, the more complex the process, the more difficult it is to describe it in an understandable and accessible form. Nevertheless, I hope that people who decide to build a hip roof with their own hands will figure it out and they will definitely succeed. Any questions or additions on the topic, write in the comments. Let's discuss.

And one more observation. According to my personal prejudice, the hip roof in its purest form, as we built it in this article, looks kind of boring. It simply transforms if you make at least one dormant window.

Building a frame for a roof with four slopes is a difficult process with characteristic technological features. During the construction, their own structural components are used, the sequence of work is different. But the result will amaze with its spectacular shape and durability when repelling atmospheric attacks. And the home master will be able to be proud of his personal achievements in the field of the roofer.

However, before deciding on a device of a similar design, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the algorithm according to which the truss system of a hipped roof is being built and with the specifics of its device.

The hipped roof class combines two types of structures that resemble a square and rectangular envelope in plan. The first variety is called tent, the second - hip. Against the background of their pitched counterparts, they are distinguished by the absence of gables, called tongs in roofing. In the construction of both variants of four-pitched structures, layered and hanging rafters are used, the installation of which is carried out in accordance with standard technologies for the construction of pitched truss systems.

Characteristic differences within the four-slope class:

At the hipped roof, all four slopes are in the form of isosceles triangles, the tops of which converge at one highest point. There is no ridge as such in the tent construction; its function is performed by the central support in layered systems or the top of the hanging truss.
At the hip roof, a pair of main slopes has a trapezoidal configuration, and the second pair is triangular. The hip design differs from the tented counterpart in the obligatory presence of a ridge, to which the trapezoid adjoins the upper bases. Triangular slopes, they are also hips, adjoin the ridge top, and their sides are docked with the inclined sides of the trapezoid.

Based on the configuration of the roofs in the plan, it is clear that it is customary to erect tent structures over square buildings, and hip structures over rectangular houses. Both soft and soft are suitable as a coating. The characteristic square or rectangular shape is repeated by the drawings of the hipped roof truss system with a clearly marked arrangement of elements in the plan and vertical projections of the slopes.

Often, hip and hip systems are used together in the construction of one object or effectively complement gable, single-pitched, broken and other roofs.

Structures with four slopes can be based directly on the upper crown of a wooden house or on a mauerlat, which serves as the upper strapping of brick or concrete walls. If you can find upper and lower supports for each rafter, the roof frame is constructed using layered technology.

Installing rafter legs is easier and more affordable for the inexperienced home roofer who needs to consider that:

With a rigid fastening of the upper and lower heels of the rafters with metal corners or with the help of a wooden support plate, a reinforced Mauerlat fastening will be required, because the spacer will be transferred to it.
With a rigid fixation of the upper heel and a hinged fastening of the bottom of the rafter, it is not necessary to strengthen the fastening of the Mauerlate, because. when the load on the roof is exceeded, the hinged mount, for example, on sliders, will allow the rafter to move slightly without creating pressure on the Mauerlat.
With a hinged fastening of the top of the rafters and a rigid fixation of the bottom, the spacer and pressure on the Mauerlat are also excluded.

The issues of fastening the Mauerlat and the method of installing the rafter legs, which are closely related to it, according to the rules, are resolved at the design stage of the house. If the building does not have an internal load-bearing wall or it is not possible to build reliable supports under the central part of the roof, nothing will do except for the hanging assembly scheme of the truss system. True, in most cases, a layered method of construction is used, for the implementation of which it is necessary to foresee the bearing support inside the building in advance.

In the construction of truss systems for tent and hip hipped roofs, specific structural elements are used, these are:

Diagonal rafter legs forming the ridge joints of the slopes. In hip structures, diagonals, they are also rafters, connect the consoles of the ridge run to the corners of the roof. In tent systems, slanted legs connect the top to the corners.
Narozhniki, or truss semi-legs, installed perpendicular to the cornices. They rely on diagonal rafters, are located parallel to each other, therefore they differ in different lengths. Narozhniki form the planes of tent and hip slopes.

Diagonal rafters and joists are also used for the construction of valleys, only then concave roof corners are arranged, and not convex like hip ones.

The whole complexity of building frames for roofs with four slopes lies in the installation of diagonal rafters, which determine the result of the formation of the structure. In addition, the slopes are required to steadfastly hold a load one and a half times greater than ordinary truss legs of pitched roofs. Because they work part-time as a hobby, i.e. support for the upper heel of the sprigs.

If you briefly describe the procedure for building a layered frame for a hipped roof, then you can meet the following steps:

Mauerlat device on brick or concrete walls. The process of installing a Mauerlat on walls made of logs or timber can be abolished, because. it can be successfully replaced by the upper crown.
Installation of a central support for a hipped structure or a supporting frame for the main part of a hip roof.
Installation of ordinary layered rafters: a pair for a hipped roof and a row defined by the design solution for a hip structure.
Installation of diagonal rafter legs connecting the corners of the systems with the top of the support or the extreme points of the ridge.
Production by size and fastening of sprigs.

In the case of using a hanging frame scheme, the start of the construction of the hipped frame will be the installation of a triangular truss truss in the center. The installation of a series of truss trusses will be the beginning of the installation of a four-pitched hip truss system.

Construction of a hip truss system

Let's take a look at one of the common examples of a hip roof device with layered rafter legs. They will have to rely on floor beams laid on top of the Mauerlat. Rigid fastening with a notch will only be used to fix the top of the rafter legs on the ridge run, so there is no need to strengthen the Mauerlat fasteners. The dimensions of the box of the house shown in the example are 8.4 × 10.8 m. The actual dimensions of the roof in the plan will increase on each side by the amount of the cornice overhang, by 40-50 cm.

Mauerlat base device

Mauerlat is a purely individual element, the method of its installation depends on the material of the walls and the architectural features of the building. The method of laying the Mauerlat is planned according to the rules during the design period, because for reliable fixation of the Mauerlat it is recommended:

Lightweight foam concrete, gas silicate and similar walls should be equipped with a reinforced reinforced concrete belt, poured along the perimeter, with anchors installed during the pouring period for attaching the Mauerlat.
Brick walls should be edged with a side in one or two bricks along the outer edge so that a ledge is formed along the inner edge for laying a wooden frame. During masonry, wooden plugs are laid between the bricks for attaching the mauerlat with brackets to the wall.

A Mauerlat is made from a bar measuring 150 × 150 or 100 × 150 mm. If the operation of the under-roof space is supposed, it is advisable to take the bars thicker. The timber is connected into a single frame with oblique cuts. Then the joints are reinforced with self-tapping screws, ordinary nails or capercaillie, and the corners are reinforced with brackets.

On top of the Mauerlat aligned to the horizon, constructed in the best way for a particular building, floor beams are laid. A bar with a section of 100 × 200 mm is used. First of all, a beam is laid, passing exactly along the central axis of the building. In the example, the length of the beam for the construction of solid beams is not enough, because they are assembled from two beams. The docking point should be located above a reliable support. In the example, the support is an internal load-bearing wall.

The step between the floor beams is 60 cm. If the equipped box does not have ideal parameters, as it happens in most situations, the distance between the beams can be slightly changed. Such an adjustment allows you to slightly "make up" the flaws in the construction. Between the extreme beams on both sides and the walls of the house there should be a gap of 90 cm wide, necessary for the installation of extensions.

Because floor beams can independently form only two cornice overhangs, short half-beams of floor - extension are attached to their ends. They are first installed only in the area of \u200b\u200bthe main part of the hip roof, exactly where the rafter legs are to be mounted. They are nailed to the mauerlat with nails, fastened to the beam with screws, large-caliber nails, dowels, reinforce the fasteners with corners.

The construction of the ridge

The central part of the hip roof is an ordinary gable structure. The rafter system for her is arranged according to the rules that dictate. In the example, there are some deviations from the classical interpretation of the pitched principle: the bed is not used, on which, traditionally, supports for the ridge run are installed. The work of the bed will have to be performed by the central floor beam.

In order to build the ridge part of the hip roof truss system, you need:

Build a support frame for the rafter legs, the top of which will rest on the ridge run. The run will be based on three supports, the central of which is installed directly on the central floor beam. To install the two extreme supports, first two transverse bars are laid, overlapping at least five floor beams. Stability is enhanced with two struts. For the manufacture of horizontal and vertical parts of the support frame, a bar with a section of 100 × 150 mm was used, the struts were made from a board of 50 × 150 mm.
Make rafter legs, for which you must first make a template. A board of suitable dimensions is applied to the installation site, lines of future cuts are drawn on it. She will be the template for the in-line production of rafters.
Install the rafter legs, resting them with a notch on the ridge run, and with the lower heel on the take-out located opposite.

If the floor beams were laid across the box, then the rafters of the main part of the roof would rest on the floor beams, which is much more reliable. However, in the example, they rely on the removal, therefore, additional mini-supports must be arranged under them. These supports should be positioned so that the load from them and the rafters located above is transferred to the walls.

Then three rows of extensions are mounted on each of the four sides. For the convenience of implementing further actions, the contour of the roof is drawn up with a cornice board. It must be nailed to the floor beams and extensions strictly horizontally.

Installation of corner offsets

In the space limited by the cornice board, there were corner sections left unfilled with details of the truss system. Here you will need corner offsets, for the installation of which is carried out as follows:

In order to indicate the direction of installation, we pull the cord. We stretch from the point of conditional intersection of the extreme support of the frame with the floor beam to the corner.
From above, along the lace, we apply a bar to its place. Holding the bar, from below we outline the lines of saw cuts at the point where the bar intersects the floor beam and the corner connection of the cornice boards.
We attach the finished takeaway with sawn off excess to the Mauerlat and to the floor beam with corners.

The remaining three corner extensions are manufactured and mounted in the same way.

Installation of diagonal rafters

Diagonal, they are also slanting, rafter legs are made of two boards sewn together with a cross section equal to the size of ordinary rafters. In the example, one of the boards will be slightly higher than the second due to the difference in the angles of the hips and trapezoidal slopes.

The sequence of works for the manufacture and installation of the braids:

From the highest point of the ridge, we stretch the lace to the corners and to the central point of the slope. These are auxiliary lines along which we will mark the upcoming cuts.
With a carpenter's goniometer - we measure the angle between the lace and the upper side of the angular offset with a small one. This determines the angle of the lower cut. Suppose it is equal to α. The angle of the upper cut is calculated by the formula β = 90º - α.
At an angle β, we cut down one edge of an arbitrary trimming of the board. We apply it to the place of the upper attachment, aligning the edge of this blank with the cord. We outline the excess that interferes with a tight installation. You need to cut again along the marked lines.
At an angle α, we saw off the lower heel on another piece of board.
We make the first half of the diagonal rafter using the patterns of the upper and lower support. If a solid board is not enough in length, two pieces can be spliced. You can splice them with a meter-long piece of an inch planted on self-tapping screws; it should be placed on the outside of the oblique leg being constructed. We install the finished first part.
We do the second part of the rafter in the same way, but we take into account that it should be slightly lower than its first half. The area where the boards are connected into one element should not coincide with the area where the boards are joined in the first half of the sloping.
We sew two boards with nails in a run-up with a step of 40-50 cm.
On a lace stretched to the center of the slope, we draw a line along which it will be necessary to adjust the cut to join it with the adjacent rafter.

Following the described algorithm, it is necessary to install three more diagonal legs. Under each of them, supports should be installed at the point of attachment of the corner offsets to the beams. If the span is more than 7.5 m, another support is installed diagonally closer to the ridge.

Manufacturing and installation of hip rafters

The lace between the top of the skate and the center of the slope is already stretched. It served as an axis for outlining the cuts, and now you need to measure the angle γ along it and calculate the angle δ \u003d 90º - γ. Without deviating from the proven path, we prepare templates for the upper and lower support. We apply the upper trim to the place intended for it and mark the cut lines on it for a tight fit between the diagonal rafters. According to the blanks, we make the central leg of the hip and fix it where it is supposed to.

In the space between the corner outriggers and the cornice board, we install short extensions to stiffen the structure and to ensure a strong fixation of the shortest, shortest outriggers. Next, you should start making templates for the sparrows themselves:

We cut the board cut at an angle δ and attach it to the place of attachment to the diagonal rafter.
In fact, we outline the surplus that needs to be cut down again. The resulting template is used in the manufacture of all sprigs, for example, the right side of the hip. For the left side, the upper template will be filed from the opposite side.
As a template for the lower heel of the sprigs, we use a piece of board sawn off at an angle γ. If all the previous steps were performed correctly, then this template is used to make the lower attachment points for all other sprigs.

In accordance with the actual length and "indications" of the templates, the sprigs are made, which are necessary for the formation of the hip planes and the parts of the main slopes that are not filled with ordinary rafter legs. They are installed so that the upper attachment points of the sprigs to the diagonal rafters are located in a run, i.e. the upper connecting nodes of adjacent slopes should not converge in one place. The sprigs are attached to the sloping rafter leg with corners, to floor beams and extensions in the way that is more reasonable and convenient: corners or metal gear plates.

The hipped roof technology is based on already familiar hip principles. True, there is no ridge part of the truss system in their design. The construction begins with the installation of a central support, to which the sloping rafters are attached, and then the slats. If hanging technology is used in the construction of the roof with an envelope, then the finished truss truss is installed first.

We suggest you use our free online calculator for calculating building materials when installing a hip roof - and follow the instructions.

Helpful Video Instructions

Briefly with the sequence and rules for installing the truss system of a hipped roof of hip and hip categories, the video will acquaint you:

Having familiarized yourself with the specifics of the device and having mastered the intricacies of installing roofs with four slopes, you can safely proceed to the implementation of plans for its construction.

Many are attracted by the spectacular and non-standard look of the hipped roof. Therefore, the question of how to properly build a hipped roof is constantly in the center of attention of those who are planning to build a roof or repair it. But we must admit that in order to build such a roof, you will have to make a little effort.

Everything in construction begins with the planning of the necessary actions, therefore, their outlines on how to make a hipped roof are first betrayed to paper.

Hip roof project: calculation of all parameters

Before creating a project for such a roof, you will need to determine its shape, take measurements and calculate all the necessary parameters. They start building directly, already having in their hands a drawing of the design of the future roof, on which all the required information will be noted in detail - the angle of inclination of the hipped roof, design, length, pitch, assembly order of the rafters, location and number of additional supporting parts and more.

The key to the success of the construction of a hipped roof is in an accurate and detailed plan, so this stage can most likely be considered one of the most important.

The calculation of a hipped roof can be carried out using special programs posted on the Internet. But if you have not forgotten the basics of school geometry, you can do it differently - draw a prototype of your future roof on paper and use the simplest geometric shapes to calculate rafters, beams, the amount of material to cover and much more.

We start with the angle of inclination of the hipped roof

Theoretical first determine the angle of inclination of the four-pitched roof, taking into account the climate characteristics of the given zone, especially since the height of the four-pitched roof also depends on its value. According to the rules, for areas with heavy rainfall, the slope is increased (the consumption of all materials will increase accordingly).

Having determined the slope, the next step is to mathematically derive the height of the ridge by multiplying half the width of the span of the structure by the relative value (I take its value from special tables according to the angle of inclination). For example, for a 30° slope, the value of the relative value is 0.59, at 25° - 0.47.

A four-slope roof rafter is a system consisting of two types of truss trusses: typical trusses with slopes connected at the ridge, and side triangular rafters resting at the top point on the ridge. Thus, at the end points of the ridge, three rafters are joined: one central and two from the main slopes.

Quite simply, you can calculate the central location of the hipped roof ridge in the center: measure the length of the ridge, the length of the walls parallel to which it will be located, and calculate their difference. Dividing the difference in half, postpone the result obtained from the edges of parallel walls.

It is important that a right angle is provided between the ridge and the slats, which automatically ensures that the corner ridges are correctly installed.

location of the skate in the center

The calculation of these parameters of the hip roof can be made easier if you first mark the joints of the walls and rafters. The attachment points of the side rafter triangles can be determined by dividing the length of the transverse wall in half.

Mounting a pitched roof: precision and strength

The installation of the roof begins with the installation of rafters and trusses, according to preliminary calculations and marks. Farms are assembled according to a template. Various additional elements help to achieve the rigidity of each of them, as well as the entire structure as a whole: headstocks, struts, crossbars, trusses with a rack, racks.

How to make a pitched roof will not be too difficult if you follow the finished project and follow the correct order of work.

Work begins with the laying of a block or log Mauerlat structure (in the case of timber rafters) - a more common option in private construction. If it is supposed to use metal rafters, the Mauerlat is made of metal profile material. Mauerlat is securely attached to the walls using appropriate anchors.

It is important that high-quality waterproofing is provided between the base and the wall.

If necessary, a transverse beam is also installed, which will become a support for the uprights and, accordingly, the ridge run attached to them. When installing the ridge, it is necessary to strictly maintain its “horizon” and height, therefore, when installing it, it is imperative to use a plumb line and a rail. Racks under the skate are fixed with jibs.

By installing diagonal rafters, the planes of the slopes of the future roof are formed. The main requirement in this case is the exact same length of the rafters and the perfectly flat plane of each slope obtained. At the same time, the size of the overhang is also laid. Its average value is about half a meter.

In open areas where a strong gusty side wind is possible, it is advisable to increase the size of the overhang (up to 1 m).

Particular attention is required to insert elements in complex nodes. Let's say that three elements are joined at once with the end of the ridge: diagonal rafters (2 pcs.), Central rafters (2 pcs.) And central (ordinary) hip rafters (1 pc.). To perform this knot, a special undercut (double bevel) is made on the ridge beam.

At a further stage, strictly parallel to the ordinary rafters, corner (spiders) are mounted. At the same time, the sprigs of the neighboring, main and hip, slopes must be joined to the rafters in different places. For the joints of the "diagonals" with the sprigs, an ordinary cut or a support beam is used, which is sewn to the diagonal rafters on both sides.

The installation of a four-slope roof also includes the installation of a sheathing under the roofing. Whether it will be solid or sparse from boards, bars or poles depends on the chosen material for the roof.

Roofs of complex shape draw special attention to the architecture of the building. Four-pitched roofs are popular in the construction of country houses. Four slopes, located in different planes, give the dwelling a respectable look. Most often, the slopes are made in different shapes: two of them are triangular and act as gables, two have the shape of a trapezoid.

Design Benefits

Installing a four-pitched or hip roof, in addition to its aesthetic appearance, also has practical advantages:

in the attic, surrounded by a roof on all sides, a comfortable temperature is maintained;
the construction of the rafters is strong and durable;
high resistance to winds and precipitation;
the space under the roof can be used for the attic.

Types of pitched roofs

Having a common basis, subspecies of such coatings differ somewhat in execution:

- a classic version with two triangular hips and two slopes in the shape of a trapezoid.
Half hip - triangular slopes have a shortened shape, this design is performed for attic equipment.
Tent - has the shape of a pyramid with triangular slopes. Suitable for square building.

Design

The angle of inclination for the slopes is selected based on the recommendations of the manufacturers of the roofing material and natural features. An angle of up to 18 degrees is enough for a soft roll roof, an angle of 15–60 degrees is suitable for slate, and a slope of 30 to 60 degrees should be laid under it.

Of great importance is the amount of precipitation in winter, if a significant amount of snow falls, then it is better to choose steep slopes, on which precipitation lingers less.

When designing a truss system, a lot needs to be taken into account: the cross section of the beam, the length of the rafters, the size of the run, the installation step of the elements. All possible loads on the roof are clarified at the design stage, these include:

the weight of the selected roofing;
annual precipitation;
mass of insulation and waterproofing;
installation on the roof of various equipment (antennas, lights, windows, etc.);

In addition to the inherent loads, the roof of the house must have a margin of safety that guarantees the stability of the structure in an unforeseen situation. For the construction of the truss system, timber and boards are used. If there is a need to strengthen the elements, the boards are doubled.

Before starting work, all lumber is treated with an antiseptic.

Sequence of work

Installation of the roof begins with fixing the supporting base - Mauerlat. This is a bar with a section of 150 × 150 mm, which is laid along the perimeter of the walls. Its horizontal placement is controlled by the level. The beam should not be on the edge of the wall, you need to leave a distance of 5-7 cm. The Mauerlat is fastened to the studs immured in the masonry, which are tightened with nuts. This beam allows you to connect the truss system and the walls of the house into a common structure.

To install racks, beds or floor beams are required. These elements are made of bars measuring 100 × 200 mm or double boards. All supports are installed strictly vertically and are attached to the bed with a metal corner or plate. For a hip roof, racks are installed in one line, a ridge run is attached to them. When erecting a tent-type roof, the supports are placed diagonally, equal distances are laid from the corner. As a result, they form a rectangle on which the runs fit. Fastening is carried out by corners.

The side rafters are installed after processing according to the template. A thin board is taken as a blank, applied to the run and washed down. The second end rests on the Mauerlat and a lower gash is outlined. The required number of rafters is prepared according to the template and installed with the selected fastening step, it can be from 60 cm to 1 meter. With the run and the base, the connection occurs with brackets or self-tapping screws.

Skew rafters with a ridge run form the angle of inclination of the slopes. These rafters are located diagonally and carry additional load, so double boards are used for them. The sawing of the rafters is carried out according to a template, their length takes into account an overhang of 50 cm. In the upper part, the rafters are connected by a crossbar to give strength. When constructing a hipped roof, the rafters are connected in the ridge knot with the help of puffs. The rafters are installed at an angle of 90 degrees and are necessarily connected to the walls with wire clamps.

Short rafters or rafters are attached to the diagonal rafters. They are made in different lengths, but must be parallel to each other. The rafters, together with ordinary rafters, form side slopes. For the tent model, the installation of sprigs and the fastening of racks, struts and trusses is also the final stage of construction.

To relieve the load from the diagonal rafters, sprengels are installed under them. These are vertical supports that rest on the beds. The side rafters are fixed with struts. One of the horses of the board rests on the bed, and the second is cut off at 45 degrees and attached to the rafter leg.

Sheathing and insulation

To complete the construction of the roof will allow its insulation with basalt wool or foamed polystyrene. The material is laid between the rafters. The waterproofing layer will protect the roof from moisture. The dimensions of the crate depend on the type of roofing; soft tiles look attractive on the hip type, it needs a continuous crate.

Watching a video explaining the nuances of installing rafters will help to conduct construction correctly.

Video

See how the truss system is installed:

Four-pitched roofs are becoming more in demand every year, due to the design conditions for sufficiently large structures. Such a roof looks more compact and neat compared to the classic versions of gable roofs. In addition, it is possible to perform not only the standard design of such a roof, but also to diversify the roof with various elements, most often represented by dormers and dormers.

Variants of pitched roofs

Four-pitched roofs are distinguished by sufficient species diversity, which allows the following types of structures to be performed:

. It is characterized by two trapezoidal planes in combination with a pair of triangular slopes. The design is distinguished by the absence of gables, and roof slopes are used for the installation of dormers or dormer windows.

half hip roof. The main difference lies in the unusual design of the hips, which consist of two parts. The lower trapezoidal segment is combined with the upper triangular part.

hipped roof. The name of this design is due to the joining of all four slopes of a triangular shape at one upper point with the formation of a quadrangular pyramid with a base of a square or rectangle. Characterized by the complete absence of gables. The design of four-pitched roofs is due to the presence of a rather complex truss system, which requires detailed drawings and careful planning.

Design Features

To create a competent roof project, it is necessary to take into account any possible loads that the future truss system will experience.

Project documentation should contain:

the main drawings of the rafter system and the main nodes, at the junction of the rafters with the Mauerlat and the ridge, as well as the location of the crate;

technological features of the roofing cake and other roofing elements.

Drawing hip roof

The basis of a detailed project makes it easy to perform all calculations of the required amount of materials for the rafter system and the roofing pie.

Load calculation

The main units of account are:

the mass of the necessary roofing material;

the mass of all layers of the roofing cake being performed, including vapor and waterproofing, as well as the amount of insulation;

wind load, calculated with the condition of regional features and roofing slope;

indicators of the intensity and amount of precipitation in summer;

snow load typical for the construction region;

weight serving roofing, people;

dimensions and weight of additional equipment intended for installation on the roof surface.

Carrying out the calculation of the dimensions of the elements of the hipped roof

The obtained parameters and the indicator of the roofing slope form the basis for calculating the length and cross section of the truss system and contribute to the competent selection of roofing material.

The device of the truss system

The process of constructing hipped roofs is based on the use of sloping or diagonal rafters, which are located towards the corners of the structure. It should be borne in mind that such a design is subject to a greater load, which requires the construction of rafters from a double type of timber.

A sufficiently significant length involves the use of connections that, under high loads, can be subject to subsidence. It is for this reason that it is required to install strong support stands under the connecting elements.

The design requires the use of sprockets or short rafters, resting with the upper part on the rafters. For fixing, several different points are selected, contributing to the most even distribution of the load from the sprigs.

In the process of creating a hipped roof, in addition to standard elements, additional frame components are involved. All components of such a roof make up a single system that combines:

beds, which are internal support bars laid on top of load-bearing walls or columns;

side rafters forming trapezoidal roof slopes;

diagonal or oblique type of rafters;

vertical type of supports, represented by racks and trusses, which help to maintain the truss system;

purlin or ridge beam, which is a horizontal support for the rafter system at the top of the roof structure. Stacked on top of the racks and fixed. For a hipped roof, there is no need to mount a ridge beam;

horizontal puffs or crossbars for connecting side rafters, which, without installing such elements, can move apart in different directions;

roofing sprigs mounted on top of diagonal rafters to form a pitched frame;

wind types of beams and strut struts, which increase the strength of the roof and allow it to withstand most loads;

filly to create the necessary roof overhang, which are fixed in the lower segment of the rafter legs.

Do-it-yourself step-by-step construction technology

Installation work is carried out immediately after the development of the project and the acquisition of all materials necessary in accordance with the calculations.

At the initial stage, a Mauerlat is installed, which is fixed on the walls of the building. When laying, it is necessary to maintain a distance of five centimeters from the edge of the outer wall. Most often, an anchor option is used to fasten the Mauerlat.

The next stage involves the implementation of high-quality markings, followed by the installation of racks and the establishment of a ridge beam. In the course of the work performed, it is necessary to use a plumb line. To fix the racks, special jibs are required.

Next is the installation of the rafters, during the installation of which the size of the future overhang is taken into account. Under standard conditions, the length of the overhang is from fifty centimeters to a meter. The optimal size is sixty centimeters.

Proper installation of diagonal rafters must be carried out in accordance with the following rules:

slanting rafters are attached to the Mauerlat with the fastening of shortened rafters or sprigs;

the transfer of loads from the rafters is distributed by trussed trusses;

as a support for truss trusses, additional puffs are used, mounted on beams of longitudinal or transverse types;

in accordance with the design documentation, puffs, crossbars, racks and struts are installed, which are designed to increase the rigidity of the structure;

the fastening of the diagonal rafters at the top is carried out on a ridge run, based on a longitudinal type of beam;

it is imperative to use a special type of tie-ins and cuts, supplemented by metal fasteners, which will ensure the connection of the lower rafter ends and the Mauerlat;

installation of ordinary rafters with a step corresponding to the calculated loads is carried out immediately after the installation of diagonal rafters;

the rafters are connected by means of horizontal crossbars from boards with a section of 120 x 40 millimeters;

rafters increase the resistance of hip slopes under significant wind loads;

the presence of a bay window in the project requires the installation of rafter beams from finger-jointed edged boards or timber.

The next stage of installation is the installation of sprockets and side rafters, which must be located in the same plane. As a result of these works, lateral roof slopes are formed. Care should be taken to ensure the parallelism of all installed rafters, sprigs and side elements.

After the installation of the structure of the entire truss system is completed, it is necessary to perform high-quality for which bars with a cross section of forty or fifty millimeters are used. This is followed by the standard execution of a suitable roofing cake, on top of which the selected roofing material is mounted.

Learn more about the construction of the roof from the video.

Summing up

A four-slope roof is the most reliable and economical option for a roofing device in the absence of the need for an attic.

The absence of load-bearing elements in the form of rigid gables requires ensuring the reliability of the structure in accordance with the calculations and the project.

Four-pitched roofs belong to the category of popular and sought-after roof structures, which is due to the ease of installation and minimization of the cost of building materials for the construction of walls.