What is a geographical feature? Geographical objects: names.

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Official terminology GEOGRAPHICAL OBJECTS - existing or existing relatively stable integral formations of the Earth, characterized by a certain location: continents, oceans, seas, bays, straits, islands, mountains, rivers, lakes, glaciers, deserts and other natural objects;... ...

Dictionary of concepts and terms formulated in regulatory documents of Russian legislation

Various geographical objects in different countries are named in honor of the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov. Contents 1 Physico-geographical objects 2 Settlements ... Wikipedia

- ... Wikipedia

Railway station in Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region) ... Wikipedia

Various objects are named in honor of the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov. Contents 1 Physico-geographical objects 2 Settlements ... Wikipedia

Objects named in honor of L. M. Kaganovich In honor of Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, as in honor of many other Soviet figures of the era of the cult of personality, many objects were named. Contents 1 Geographical names, settlements ... Wikipedia Objects of copyright - according to the law of the Russian Federation On motor vehicles. law and related rights among such objects, author. protected by law include: 1) lit. works (including computer programs); 2) dramatic and musical drama works, screenplays; 3)… …

Publishing dictionary-reference book Finding new geographical objects or geographical patterns. In the early stages of the development of geography, discoveries related to new geographical objects predominated. A particularly important role belonged to the discoveries of unknown... ...

Great Soviet Encyclopedia

In honor of Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, as in honor of many other Soviet figures of the era of the cult of personality, many objects were named. Contents 1 Geographical names, settlements ... Wikipedia

Books Arctic Encyclopedia. Geographical objects, Team of authors, “Arctic Encyclopedia” is a universal collection of information dedicated to the Arctic, the North of Russia and its neighbors in the Arctic region. More than 4,000 articles contain materials and information about the northern... Category: Encyclopedias Series: Arctic Encyclopedia, eBook(fb2, fb3, epub, mobi, pdf, html, pdb, lit, doc, rtf, txt)
Geography. Continents, oceans, peoples and countries. 7th grade. Atlas. Federal State Educational Standard, Dushina I.V. , The Atlas is intended for 7th grade students of general education institutions. The atlas reflects the topics of the course: travel, geographical research, the world's population and its economic... Category: Atlases and contour maps Series: Atlases, contour maps Publisher: Ventana-Graf,
History grades 10-11 A short reference book for students to prepare for the Unified State Exam Effective preparation Universal materials Dates and events Terms and geographical objects,

I love hiking. And how wonderful it is that I live in such a rich geographical features region, like Nizhny Novgorod Region. It has everything: large rivers and clear lakes, impenetrable forests and huge fields, treacherous swamps and steep hills. The region is located at the junction of natural zones and includes the following components from south to north: southern taiga, mixed, broad-leaved forests and forest-steppe.

Geographical objects of the Nizhny Novgorod region

A huge number of tourists visit our region in order to see all its beauty. But I would highlight three main ones among them. We will talk about them.

Volga river

The main geographical object of the Nizhny Novgorod region, of course, is the Volga River. She flows throughout the region and divides it into two parts. Moreover, these parts differ from each other in vegetation, relief and climate:

Kerzhensky Reserve

Another one of the most famous places in the region is considered "Kerzhensky Reserve", included in the international network UNESCO. On its territory there is a huge number of species of birds, animals, insects and plants, many of which are listed in the Red Book. The reserve is located on the river bank Kerzhenets, left tributary Volga, near the village Rustai.

Gorky Reservoir

The most loved ones vacation spot residents of Nizhny Novgorod in the summer can be called the “Gorky Reservoir”. It spreads over an area of about 1600 square kilometers, and in the widest part it reaches 16 kilometers. Due to its size, the reservoir is also called the “Gorky Sea”, although it is located at the junction of such areas as:

Nizhny Novgorod:
Ivanovskaya:
Kostromskaya:
Yaroslavskaya.

Reservoir formed hydroelectric dam and is navigable. It is home to a large number of fish species, so fishing enthusiasts can always be seen on its banks.

Geography is a science that studies the surface of planet Earth as the environment where humanity arose and is developing. Everyone is familiar with the earth's surface. People live on it, farm on it, and travel on it. The earth's surface is amazingly diverse. It consists of many dissimilar sections (elements): continents and oceans, mountains and plains, rivers and lakes. The unique appearance of the earth’s surface is also given by what is located on it: forests, cities, etc.

Geographical objects- this is the name given to the elements of the earth’s surface with everything that is located on them. By studying geographical objects, the science of geography answers several questions:

What is a geographical feature? To study a geographical object, first of all you need to determine what it is - a lake or a pond, a factory or a school, a lowland or a mountain. Geographical objects can be natural (continents, islands, seas, rivers, mountains) or anthropogenic (artificial) - buildings, roads, ports, pipelines.

Where is the geographic feature located? For geography, it is very important to determine the position of an object on the earth's surface. Its appearance and properties depend on this (for example, the homes of people in warm and cold regions of the Earth are absolutely different).

What does a geographic feature look like? The image of a geographical object is its most important characteristic. For many objects, the image is so vivid that a glance is enough to remember them well (for example, Mount Fuji in Japan, New York skyscrapers, Egyptian pyramids or the Kremlin in Moscow).

For practical purposes, vivid impressions alone are not enough. Therefore, geographical objects are carefully described, determining their main properties. For mountains, this is the height and steepness of the slopes. Rivers have width, depth and flow speed. Buildings have the area they occupy, height and shape.

Toponym

Toponym(from ancient Greek τόπος (topos) - “place”, and ὄνομα (onoma) - “name, title”) - a proper name denoting the name (identifier) of a geographical object. Toponyms are studied by the science of toponymy.

Types of toponyms

Among toponyms there are various classes:

Horonyms - names of any territories, regions, districts
Astyonyms - names of cities
Urbanonyms - names of intracity objects
Godonyms - street names
Agoronyms - names of squares
Dromonyms - names of communication routes
Hydronyms are geographical names of water bodies, including:
- Pelagonyms - names of seas
- Limnonyms - names of lakes
- Potamonyms - names of rivers
- Gelonims - names of swamps, wetlands
Oronyms - names of raised landforms (mountains, ridges, peaks, hills)
Oikonyms - names of populated places
Microtoponyms are the names of small objects (lands, tracts, hayfields, pastures, swamps, cutting areas, fire pits, pastures, wells, springs, whirlpools, rapids, etc., usually known only to a limited circle of people living in a certain area)
Geonyms - names of roads, passages, etc.

In toponyms (especially hydronyms), archaisms and dialectisms are steadily preserved; they often go back to the substrate languages of the peoples who lived in a given territory in the past, which allows them to be used to determine the boundaries of the settlement of ethnic communities (for example, the Slavs in Europe or the Turkic peoples and ethnic groups in Ukraine).

Constitutional law of Russia → Legal dictionary → Words starting with the letter “G” of the legal dictionary → What the term means Geographical objects in a legal dictionary?

geographical objects - existing or existing relatively stable integral formations of the Earth characterized by a certain location: continents, oceans, seas, bays, straits, islands, mountains, rivers, lakes, glaciers, deserts and other natural objects; republics, territories, regions, autonomous regions, autonomous districts; cities, including federal cities, and other populated areas; districts, administrative districts, aimaks, kozhuuns, national districts, uluses, volosts, village councils, naslegs, village councils, national village councils, rural districts, somons, stanitsa districts and other administrative-territorial entities (administrative-territorial units); railway stations, seaports and river ports, airports;

Source: Federal Law No. 152-FZ dated December 18, 1997 (as amended on July 10, 2012) “On the names of geographical objects”

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Names of geographical objects

NAMES OF GEOGRAPHICAL OBJECTS(English names of geographical objects) - in the Russian Federation, geographical names that are assigned to geographical objects, i.e. existing or existing relatively stable integral formations of the Earth characterized by a certain location, and serve to distinguish and recognize them. In accordance with the Federal Law “On the Names of Geographical Objects”**, geographical objects include continents, oceans, seas, bays, straits, islands, mountains, rivers, lakes, glaciers, deserts and other natural objects; republics, territories, regions, cities of federal significance, autonomous regions, autonomous districts; cities, etc.

settlements, districts, townships, railway stations, seaports, airports and similar objects.

Legislation of the Russian Federation on N.g.o. is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation* and consists of the Federal Law “On the Names of Geographical Objects”, laws adopted in accordance with it and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. This Federal Law applies to activities in the field of establishing, normalizing, using, registering, accounting and preserving N.G.O. of the Russian Federation, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as geographical objects discovered or identified by Russian research within the high seas and Antarctica, unless otherwise provided by international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation that define uniform requirements, norms and rules in the field of non-regulatory activities include instructions, guidelines, regulations and other acts that are developed by a specially authorized federal executive body in the field of non-regulatory activities. The procedure for approving and enacting these acts is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Existing and assigned N.g.o. subject to registration and accounting. Registration and accounting of N.g.o. of the Russian Federation, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation and geographical objects discovered or identified by Russian research within the high seas and Antarctica are carried out by federal executive authorities within the limits of their competence.

In order to ensure uniform and sustainable use of N.g.o. in the Russian Federation. and their preservation, the State Catalog of Geographical Names is created. Work on creating and maintaining the catalog is carried out by a specially authorized federal executive body in the region of N.G.O.

Federal executive authorities, within the limits of their competence, prepare and publish dictionaries and reference books of NGOs, as well as maps and atlases of the Russian Federation. State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can carry out registration, accounting, preparation and publication of catalogues, dictionaries and reference books of N.G.O. in the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, taking into account the interests of the population of the relevant territories. Contents of dictionaries and reference books N.g.o. prior to publication, it is agreed with the specially authorized federal executive body in the region of N.G.O. The procedure for registration and accounting of geographical names, publication of dictionaries and reference books of geographical names, as well as the implementation of work on the creation of the State Catalog of Geographical Names and its maintenance is established by the Government of the Russian Federation (see Regulations on the registration and accounting of geographical names objects, publication of dictionaries and reference books of names of geographical objects, creation and maintenance of the State Catalog of Geographical Names**).

N.g.o. as an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation are protected by the state. Arbitrary replacement of some N.g.o. others, the use of distorted N.g.o. not allowed.

The unity of nature inevitably presupposes the unity of science, which is a reflection of natural laws in human consciousness.

At the same time, the specific forms of motion of matter, the contradictions of various forms of motion, are so diverse and of such a specific nature that there is a need for their separate study, that is, there is a need for the existence of a number of relatively independent branches of knowledge.

An indisputable measure of independence (in the above sense) is the presence of a science with its own object of research, qualitatively different from the objects of research of other sciences. Science is then independent when it studies something that others do not study. In other words, each science that claims to be independent must study a separate form of motion of matter or a series of interconnected and transforming forms of motion. Another way: the delimitation of spheres in science is based on specific contradictions contained in the objects of scientific research; It is the study of certain contradictions inherent only in a certain range of phenomena that constitutes the task of this or that science.

Turning to the history of geographical sciences, one can be convinced that the attention of physical geographers over the centuries has invariably been focused mainly on the same thing: the surface of the globe. Consequently, the object of physical geography has always been the surface of the Earth.

It has long been noted that the Earth as a planet is composed of several shells that embrace each other. The outermost is the gas shell (atmosphere), below it are the hydrosphere (water shell) and the lithosphere (solid rock shell). The interior of the Earth is also stratified into shells that have different physical properties.

Some shells are so far from each other that their direct contact and direct mutual influence are excluded. But just on the surface of the Earth, water, air, organisms and minerals are not only in close contact, but also in the most complex mutual penetration and interaction. Almost all the solar heat is concentrated on the surface of the Earth, which does not penetrate deep into the globe, just as it does not penetrate in significant quantities into layers of the atmosphere remote from the earth. Only on the surface of the Earth and near this surface does life develop. On the surface of the Earth, the processes most intensely unfold are those caused by solar energy flowing from the world space (the activity of water, wind, ice, etc.), and the consequences of their contradictory interaction with another group of processes excited by the internal heat of the Earth (various movements of the earth’s bark). Only on the surface of the Earth, and nowhere else, does the formation of soil cover and sedimentary rocks occur, and only here can all three physical states of matter - solid, liquid and gaseous - exist stably. All this taken together allows us to assert that the surface of the Earth and the adjacent parts of the atmosphere and hydrosphere are an area that is qualitatively different from all other shells of our planet.

Speaking about the earth's surface as an object of his science, a physical geographer means not just a physical or mathematical surface, but an internally integral material system, a special earthly shell, which differs from other shells of the planet in the greatest complexity of its composition and structure. This material system at any given moment represents from the outside a certain combination of the relief of the lithosphere, its geological structures and lithological complexes, water and air masses, soil cover and the organic world in the broad sense of the word.

This system can be studied primarily in two main aspects: 1) as something unified, as an integral and natural complex of objects and phenomena; this kind of study is the study of a complex but concrete reality; 2) each component or group of component parts of the system can be studied separately; such a study already deals with a certain abstraction.

Both methods of research are completely legitimate, necessary and develop in parallel, providing each other with mutual services, but it is quite obvious that the formal integration of information obtained by the second method cannot replace the study of the earth's surface carried out by the first method.

On the surface of the Earth, neither water, nor air, nor rocks, nor organisms are independent of each other. They exist together, and if only for this reason, their development receives a new direction, which cannot be predicted and determined by examining them separately. In a complex of phenomena, the course of each of them takes on a different character than in the case of their isolated existence. If we don’t remember this, the whole world will appear before us as a continuous chain of unsolvable mysteries.

Climate humidity is determined primarily by the amount of precipitation. At the same time, with the same amount of precipitation, the climate in the tundra is humid, in the desert it is dry, because the role of precipitation, which is the same in both of these areas, is “distorted” by the influence of evaporation, which occurs with different intensity in the tundra and desert. A person can experience exactly the same thermal sensation both at an air temperature of +17°.8 and at a temperature of +27°.8, but provided that in the first case the air is still and saturated with water vapor, and in the second case the relative humidity is 40%, and the wind speed is 2 m/sec. Without taking into account the deviation of the earth's axis from perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit, we will never understand why in our hemisphere winter occurs precisely at the time when the Earth is closest to the Sun, i.e.

heating source.

There are many such examples, demonstrating that the coexistence and interaction of phenomena results in the formation of not a simple sum of them, but a new quality.

And it is obvious that, just as it is impossible to study the properties of sugar on the basis of mere acquaintance with the characteristics of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen that form sugar in their chemical compound, it is also impossible to truly study the surface of the Earth if we simply add up all the information about relief, soil and other components involved in its structure. For before us is not a mechanical structure made of soil, relief, vegetation and other components, but a qualitatively new formation that has developed historically as a result of the joint mutually determined existence and development of these parts. According to the analogy already used, the earth's surface is a “carbohydrate”, and not just “carbon + oxygen + hydrogen”.

There is therefore no doubt that the real complex called the surface of the Earth deserves independent study in its entirety, in addition to the analytical study of its individual aspects. Moreover, this complex cannot generally be studied only analytically, because the use of one or another method depends far not on our arbitrariness, but also on the subject to be studied: analysis, which decomposes this particular phenomenon and, in order to isolate the law, gives form of abstraction to individual aspects of a phenomenon, is not able to characterize an undecomposed quality, because the abstract substances discovered with its help will no longer be the primary real object.

The study of the Earth's surface as an integral system is the task of physical geography. The analytical study of individual aspects or certain sets of individual aspects of this system is the task of other branches of knowledge.

To designate an object of physical geography, various terms have been proposed in our literature: geographic envelope (A. A. Grigoriev), geographic sphere (D. L. Armand), geochore (Yu. P. Byalovich), landscape envelope (Yu. K. Efremov) , geographic environment (A. M. Smirnov, Yu. G. Saushkin, K. K. Markov, A. D. Gozhev, V. L. Kotelnikov and others). In the first edition of our book, we stuck to the term “geographical envelope,” losing sight of the fact that such a name creates the preconditions for a vicious logical circle if we then define geography as “the science of the geographical envelope.” For the same reasons, the term “geographical sphere” is not suitable. The name “geographical environment,” if we talk about this environment as an object of physical geography, also contains elements of tautology; In addition, the geographical environment as a concept of historical materialism is difficult in principle to identify with the concept of an object of physical geography. The object of science must have its boundaries. Therefore, for the geographical environment, if it is made an object of physical geography, boundaries must be indicated. But historical materialism does not establish either the limits or the volume of the geographical environment, which is natural, since it puts into this concept only a general philosophical meaning: the nature that surrounds us. This means that by defining the boundaries for the geographical environment as an object of their science, physical geographers will thereby create a second meaning of the same term “geographical environment”, which differs from the one accepted in historical materialism. The legality of such a technique can be doubted.

There is another consideration that speaks against the mechanical identification of the geographical environment with the object of physical geography. In historical materialism, the concept of geographical environment means not only the nature surrounding us, but also the economic relationship of human society to this natural environment: the geographical environment is one of the constant and necessary material conditions for the existence of society. But since nature exists independently of our will, our consciousness and the presence or absence of our economic ties with it, there is no need to define this nature as an object of natural science through its relationship to the nature of human society.

What are the boundaries of the landscape envelope? We can assume, based on its definition, that it extends upward from the physical surface of the Earth, at least to the tropopause, since the entire troposphere with its air masses is in direct and active interaction with the earth's surface. In the earth's crust, the landscape shell extends on average to a depth of 4-5 km, corresponding to the average thickness of the shell of sedimentary rocks, which arose as a result of the interaction of the lithosphere, atmosphere, organisms and hydrosphere; Obviously, the maximum known in the history of the Earth depth of tectonic subsidence of the lithosphere surface under the level of the World Ocean (in geosynclines 15-20 km) is the lowest limit of the landscape envelope. The entire thickness of the hydrosphere and the entire organic world are also included in the landscape envelope. The total thickness of the Earth's landscape shell does not exceed 30-35 km.

The landscape shell of the Earth is so real and so qualitatively different from other parts of our planet that many authors were forced to isolate it, albeit under different names and within slightly different boundaries. Thus, V.I. Vernadsky calls it the biosphere and includes the lower layers of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper layers of the earth’s crust. A.E. Fersman calls it the earth's crust, because in the latter he includes the atmosphere to a height of 10-20 km, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere to a depth of 15-20 km. L.V. Pustovalov calls it a zone of sedimentation or sedimentation, referring to this zone the lower parts of the atmosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere.

In short, a scientist of any specialty who quite objectively studies the surface of the Earth is forced to recognize the reality and qualitative originality of what physical geographers place at the center of their attention and what they make the specific object of their research.

Recently, E.M. Lavrenko proposed to identify in the landscape shell a special layer with the greatest concentration of life - the so-called phytogeosphere, understanding the latter as the entire totality of plants and animals and the environment (solid, liquid and gaseous) that is saturated with life. The thickness of the phytogeosphere on land is several tens of meters, in the seas and oceans it is 100-350 m.

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What is a geographical feature: definition and examples

Geography is a science that studies the earth's surface and everything that is on it. And there are a lot of things located there: rivers and lakes, mountains and seas, agricultural lands and rocky canyons, cities and tiny villages... It is these objects that give a unique, inimitable appearance to our planet.

So what is a geographic feature? This is a really existing and relatively stable element of the earth's surface. All geographical objects are distinguished by their integrity, specific location and have their own boundaries. Moreover, their genesis (origin) can be very diverse.

Types of geographical objects

Based on their origin, all geographical objects can be divided into two large groups:

Natural (seas, oceans, mountain ranges, lakes, caves, forests, rocks, springs, etc.).
Anthropogenic or man-made (countries, cities, villages, industrial enterprises, monasteries, parks, ports, railway stations, etc.).

It is customary to describe any geographical object carefully and in detail, determining its characteristic properties, and also measure its parameters. For example, for mountain peaks their height is determined, for rivers - their length, for airports - passenger turnover, etc.

What is a geographical feature? One more definition can be given - simple, but quite accurate. Geographical objects are everything that can be indicated on geographic maps and site plans. How can I do that?

Geographical objects on the map

Various objects on maps and plans are displayed using special symbols. This is a system of specially designed graphic symbols and figures that allows you to give qualitative and quantitative characteristics of certain objects or phenomena.

All cartographic symbols are divided into four types:

large-scale or area (contours of lakes, forests, fields, etc.);
non-scale or point (power plants, mineral springs, Orthodox churches, etc.);
linear (rivers, canals, highways, borders of territories, etc.);
explanatory (various verbal and numerical inscriptions).

Relief on geographic maps is depicted using contour lines - thin brown lines connecting points on the earth's surface with the same height. Arrows and special traffic signs indicate various natural or socio-economic phenomena, for example, directions of maritime transport.

Names of geographical objects

Each such object has its own “name”. And, as a rule, it is not random. The name of a geographic feature is usually related to its features, location, or history.

A separate science, toponymy, studies the origin, meaning and development (changes) of geographical names. This scientific discipline is at the intersection of geography, history and linguistics. The correct name of a geographic feature is extremely important for cartographers.

There are a huge number of types of geographical names: hydronyms (names of rivers and lakes), oikonyms (names of settlements), oronyms (names of landforms), hodonyms (street names), etc.